Alexandre Millerand
Born in Paris, he was educated for the bar, and made his reputation by his defence, in company with Georges Laguerre, ofErnest Roche (fr) and Duc-Quercy (fr), the instigators of the strike at Decazeville in 1883; TOSHIBA PK130260100 Keyboard
he then took Laguerre's place on Georges Clemenceau's paper, La Justice. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the Seine département in 1885 as a Radical Socialist. He was associated with Clemenceau and Camille Pelletan as an arbitrator in the Carmauxstrike (1892). SONY VAIO VGN-CR42S Keyboard
He had long had the ear of the Chamber in matters of social legislation, and after the Panama scandals had discredited so many politicians his influence grew.
He was chief of the Socialist faction (the Parti Socialiste de France in 1899), a group which then mustered sixty members, and edited until 1896 their organ in the press, HP 533549-001 Keyboard
La Petite République. His programme included the collective ownership of the means of production and the international association of labour, but, when in June 1899 he enteredPierre Waldeck-Rousseau's cabinet of "republican defence" as Minister of Commerce, he limited himself to practical reforms, TOSHIBA Satellite M645-S4050 Keyboard
devoting his attention to the improvement of the mercantile marine, to the development of trade, of technical education, of the postal system, and to the amelioration of the conditions of labour. Labour questions were entrusted to a separate department, the Direction du Travail, and the pension and insurance office was also raised to the status of a "direction".DELL Vostro PP37L Keyboard
As labour minister, Millerand was responsible for the introduction of a wide range of reforms, including the reduction in the maximum workday from 11 to 10 hours in 1904, the introduction of an 8-hour workday for postal employees, ACER Aspire 2920Z Keyboard
the prescribing of maximum hours and minimum wages for all work undertaken by public authorities, the bringing of worker’s representatives into the Conseil supérieur de travail, the establishment of arbitration tribunals and inspectors of labour, and the creation of a labour section inside his Ministry of commerce to tackle the problem of social insurance. Lenovo Thinkpad T420 Keyboard
The introduction of trade union representatives on the Supreme Labour Council, the organization of local labour councils, and the instructions to factory inspectors to put themselves in communication with the councils of the trade unions, were valuable concessions to labour, IBM Lenovo Thinkpad X201 Keyboard
and he further secured the rigorous application of earlier laws devised for the protection of the working class. His name was especially associated with a project for the establishment of old age pensions, which became law in 1905. In 1898, he became editor of La Lanterne. HP G72-b60US Keyboard
His influence with the far left had already declined, for it was said that his departure from the true Marxist tradition had disintegrated the party. He was expelled from the group, and continued to move to the right, being appointed Prime Minister by the conservative President Paul Deschanel. SAMSUNG N150 Keyboard
When Deschanel had to resign later that year due to his mental disorder, Millerand emerged as a compromise candidate for President between the Bloc National and the remnants of the Bloc des gauches. Millerand appointed Georges Leygues, a politician with a long career of ministerial office, as Prime Minister and attempted to strengthen the executive powers of the Presidency. This move was resisted in the Chamber of Deputies and the French Senate, and Millerand was forced to appoint a stronger figure, Aristide Briand. HP G62-224CA Keyboard
Briand's appointment was welcomed by both left and right, although the Socialists and the left wing of theRadical Party did not join his government. However, Millerand dismissed Briand after just a year, and appointed the conservative republican Raymond Poincaré. DELL Precision M4500 Keyboard
Millerand was accused of favouring conservatives in spite of the traditional neutrality of French Presidents and the composition of the legislature. On 14 July 1922, Millerand escaped an assassination attempt by Gustave Bouvet, a young French anarchist. DELL Vostro 1014 Keyboard
Two years later, Millerand resigned in the face of growing conflict between the elected legislature and the office of the President, following the victory of the Cartel des Gauches. Gaston Doumergue, who was the president of the Senate at the time, HP Pavilion dm3-1020CA Keyboard
was chosen to replace Millerand.
Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau was born in Nantes, Loire-Atlantique. His father, René Waldeck-Rousseau, a barrister at the Nantes bar and a leader of the local republican party, figured in the revolution of 1848 as one of the deputies returned to the Constituent Assembly for Loire Inférieure. HP 597635-001 Keyboard
The son was a delicate child whose eyesight made reading difficult, and his early education was therefore entirely oral. He studied law at Poitiers and in Paris, where he took his licentiate in January 1869. His father's record ensured his reception in high republican circles. Jules Grévy stood sponsor for him at the Parisian bar. TOSHIBA Satellite L775D-S7226 Keyboard
After six months of waiting for briefs in Paris, he decided to return home and to joined the bar of St Nazaire early in 1870. In September he became, in spite of his youth, secretary to the municipal commission temporarily appointed to carry on the town business. Compaq Presario CQ42-228LA Keyboard
He organized the National Defence at St Nazaire, and himself marched out with his contingent, though they saw no active service owing to lack of ammunition, their private store having been commandeered by the state. HP Pavilion dv6-2112sa Keyboard
In 1873, following the establishment of the Third Republic in 1871, he moved to the bar of Rennes, and six years later was returned to the Chamber of Deputies. Lenovo 45N2106 Keyboard
In his electoral program he had stated that he was prepared to respect all liberties except those of conspiracy against the institutions of the country and of educating the young in hatred of the modern social order. In the Chamber he supported the policy of Léon Gambetta. HP AEUT5U00010 Keyboard
The Waldeck-Rousseau family was strictly Catholic in spite of its republican principles; nevertheless Waldeck-Rousseau supported the Jules Ferry laws on public, laic and mandatory education, enacted in 1881–1882. TOSHIBA Satellite A110 Series Keyboard
In 1881 he became minister of the interior in Gambetta's grand ministry. He further voted for the abrogation of the law of 1814 forbidding work on Sundays and fast days, Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E525 Keyboard
for compulsory service of one year for seminarists and for the re-establishment of divorce. He made his reputation in the Chamber by a report which he drew up in 1880 on behalf of the committee appointed to inquire into theFrench judicial system. SONY VAIO VGN-FS295XP Keyboard
He was chiefly occupied with the relations between capital and labour, and had a large share in securing the recognition of trade unions in 1884. He became again minister of the interior in the Jules Ferry cabinet of 1883–1885, when he gave proof of great administrative powers. IBM 42T3671 Keyboard
He sought to put down the system by which civil posts were obtained through the local deputy, and he made it clear that the central authority could not be defied by local officials. Waldeck-Rousseau also deposed the 27 May 1885 act establishing penal colonies, HP 519265-001 Keyboard
dubbed "Law on relegation of recidivists", along with Martin Feuillée. The law was supported by Gambetta and his friend, the criminologist Alexandre Lacassagne.[1] After an initial failure he succeeded in forming a coalition cabinet of "Republican Defense", SONY VAIO VGN-N21S/W Keyboard
supported by the Radical-Socialists and the Socialists, which included such widely different politicians as the Socialist Alexandre Millerand and the General de Galliffet, dubbed the "repressor of the Commune". HP pavilion DV7-1000 Keyboard
He himself returned to his former post at the ministry of the interior, and set to work to quell the discontent with which the country was seething, to put an end to the various agitations which under specious pretences were directed against republican institutions (far-right leagues, Boulangist crisis, etc.), HP Envy 15 Keyboard
and to restore independence to the judicial authority. His appeal to all republicans to sink their differences before the common peril met with some degree of success, Compaq Presario CQ57 Series Keyboard
and enabled the government to leave the second court-martial of Alfred Dreyfus at Rennes an absolutely free hand, and then to compromise the affair by granting a pardon to Dreyfus. Waldeck-Rousseau won a great personal success in October by his successful intervention in the strikes at Le Creusot. SONY Vaio PCG-K215M Keyboard
With the condemnation in January 1900 of Paul Deroulède and his nationalist followers by the High Court the worst of the danger was past, and Waldeck-Rousseau kept order in Paris without having recourse to irritating displays of force. ACER TravelMate 6292 Keyboard
The Senate was staunch in support of Waldeck-Rousseau, and in the Chamber he displayed remarkable astuteness in winning support from various groups. The Amnesty Bill, passed on 19 December, HP 519265-001 Keyboard
chiefly through his unwearied advocacy, went far to smooth down the acerbity of the preceding years. With the object of aiding the industry of wine-producing, DELL FM8 Keyboard
and of discouraging the consumption of spirits and other deleterious liquors, the government passed a bill suppressing the octroi duties on the three "hygienic" drinks—wine, cider and beer. The act came into force at the beginning of 1901. Lenovo 3000 G530 4151 Keyboard
But the most important measure of his later administration was the Associations Bill of 1901. Like many of his predecessors, he was convinced that the stability of the republic demanded some restraint on the intrigues of the wealthy religious bodies. DELL 0PVDG3 Keyboard
All previous attempts in this direction had failed. In his speech in the Chamber, Waldeck-Rousseau recalled the fact that he had tried to pass an Associations Bill in 1882, and again in 1883. HP Pavilion dv7-6187cl CPU Fan
He declared that the religious associations were now being subjected for the first time to the regulations common to all others, and that the object of the bill was to ensure the supremacy of the civil power. The royalist bias given to the pupils in the religious seminaries was undoubtedly a principal cause of the passing of this bill; Toshiba Satellite A205-S5831 CPU Fan
and the government took strong measures to secure the presence of officers of undoubted fidelity to the republic in the higher positions on the staff. His speeches on the religious question were published in 1901 under the title of Associations et congregations, following a volume of speeches on Questions sociales (1900). IBM MCF-217PAM05 CPU Fan
As the general election of 1902 approached all sections of the Opposition united their efforts under the Bloc des gauches, and the name of Waldeck-Rousseau served as a battle-cry for one side, and on the other as a target for abuse. APPLE 661-4952 CPU Fan
The result was a decisive victory for republican stability. With the defeat of the machinations against the republic, Waldeck-Rousseau considered his task ended, and on 3 June 1902 he resigned office, having proved himself the " Dell Vostro 3500 CPU Fan
strongest personality in French politics since the death of Gambetta."[citation needed] He emerged from his retirement to protest in the Senate against the construction put on his Associations Bill by Émile Combes, who refused in mass the applications of the teaching and preaching congregations for official recognition.[2] Compaq Presario CQ60-615DX CPU Fan
The Socialist Party (French: Parti socialiste [paʁti sɔsjaˈlist], PS) is a social democratic[1][2][3][4][5][6] political party in France, and the largest party of the French centre-left. The PS is one of the two major contemporary political parties in France, along with the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) HP 646578-001 CPU Fan
on the centre-right. The Socialist Party replaced the earlier French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) in 1969, and is currently led by First Secretary Harlem Désir[7] who is the first black person to lead a major European political party.[8] The PS is a member of the Party of European Socialists (PES), the Socialist International (SI) and the Progressive Alliance. HP Pavilion dv9230us CPU Fan
The PS first won power in 1981, when its candidate François Mitterrand was elected President of France in the 1981 presidential election. Under Mitterrand, the party achieved a governing majority in the National Assembly from 1981 to 1986 and again from 1988 to 1993. IBM Lenovo Thinkpad X200 Series CPU Fan
PS leader Lionel Jospin lost his bid to succeed Mitterrand as president in the 1995 presidential election against Rally for the Republic leader Jacques Chirac, but became prime minister in a cohabitation government after the 1997 parliamentary elections, a position Jospin held until 2002, when he was again defeated in thepresidential election. HP KSB06105HA CPU Fan
In 2007, the party's candidate for the presidential election, Ségolène Royal, was defeated by conservative UMP candidateNicolas Sarkozy. IBM ThinkPad T60 2637 CPU Fan
Then, the Socialist party won most of regional and local elections and it won control of the Senate in 2011 for the first time in more than fifty years.[9] On 6 May 2012, François Hollande, the First Secretary of the Socialist Party from 1997 to 2008, was elected President of France, and the next month, the party won the majority in the National Assembly. APPLE MG62090V1-Q020-S99 CPU Fan
The PS also formed several figures who acted at the international level: Jacques Delors, who was the eighth President of the European Commission from 1985 to 1994 and the first person to serve three terms in that office, was from the Socialist Party,[10] HP 535766-001 CPU Fan
HP Envy 17-1090eo CPU Fan
as well as Dominique Strauss-Kahn, who was the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fundfrom 2007 to 2011,[11] and Pascal Lamy, who was Director-General of the World Trade Organization from 2005 to 2013.[12] Dell Vostro 3350 CPU Fan
The defeat of the Paris commune (1871) greatly reduced the power and influence of socialist movements in France. Its leaders were killed or exiled. France's first socialist party, the Federation of the Socialist Workers of France, was founded in 1879. TOSHIBA NSK-TK001 Keyboard
It was characterised as "possibilist" because it promoted gradual reforms. Two parties split off from it: in 1882, the French Workers' Party of Jules Guesde and Paul Lafargue (the son-in-law of Karl Marx), then in 1890 theRevolutionary Socialist Workers' Party of Jean Allemane. TOSHIBA 9J.N7482.901 Keyboard
At the same time, the heirs of Louis Auguste Blanqui, a symbol of the French revolutionary tradition, created the Central Revolutionary Committee led by Édouard Vaillant. There were also some declared socialist deputies such as Alexandre Millerand and Jean Jaurès who did not belong to any party. DELL MD538 CPU Fan
In 1899, the participation of Millerand in Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau's cabinet caused a debate about socialist participation in a "bourgeois government". Three years later, Jaurès, Allemane and the possibilists founded the possibilist French Socialist Party, HP Pavilion dv7-6187cl CPU Fan
which supported participation in government, while Guesde and Vaillant formed the Socialist Party of France, which opposed such co-operation. HP Pavilion dv7-3065dx CPU Fan
In 1905, during the Globe Congress, the two groups merged in the French Section of the Workers International (SFIO). Leader of the parliamentary group and director of the party paper L'Humanité, Jaurès was its most influential figure. HP KSB06105HA CPU Fan
The party was hemmed in between the middle-class liberals of the Radical Party and the revolutionary syndicalists who dominated the trade unions. Furthermore, the goal to rally all the Socialists in one single party was partially reached: HP Pavilion dv7-2043cl CPU Fan
some elects refused to join the SFIO and created the Republican-Socialist Party, which supported socialist participation in liberal governments. Together with the Radicals, who wished to install laicism, the SFIO was a component of the Left Block (Bloc des gauches) without to sit in the government. In 1906, the General Confederation of Labour trade union claimed its independence from all political parties. HP 646578-001 CPU Fan
The French socialists were strongly anti-war, but following the assassination of Jaurès in 1914 they were unable to resist the wave of militarism which followed the outbreak of World War I. They suffered a severe split over participation in the wartime government of national unity. In 1919 the anti-war socialists were heavily defeated in elections. SONY VAIO PCG-6L2L CPU Fan
In 1920, during the Tours Congress, the majority and left wing of the party broke away and formed the French Section of the Communist International to join the Third International founded by Vladimir Lenin. The right wing, led by Léon Blum, kept the "old house" and remained in the SFIO. HP Pavilion dv7-2043cl CPU Fan
In 1924 and in 1932, the Socialists joined with the Radicals in the Coalition of the Left (Cartel des Gauches), but refused to join the non-Socialist governments led by the Radicals Édouard Herriot and Édouard Daladier. SONY Vaio VPC-EB1S0E/BJ CPU Fan
These governments failed because the Socialists and the Radicals could not agree on economic policy, and also because the Communists, following the policy laid down by the Soviet Union, refused to support governments presiding over capitalist economies. HP KSB06105HA CPU Fan
The question of the possibility of a government participation with Radicals caused the split of "neosocialists" at the beginning of the 1930s. They merged with the Republican-Socialist Party in the Socialist Republican Union. SONY Vaio VGN-BX760PS5 CPU Fan
In 1934, the Communists changed their line, and the four left-wing parties came together in the Popular Front, which won the 1936 elections and brought Blum to power as France's first SFIO Prime Minister. Indeed, for the first time in its history, the SFIO obtained more votes and seats than the Radical Party and it formed the central axis of a left-wing parliamentary majority. HP Pavilion dv7-2043cl CPU Fan
Within a year, however, his government collapsed over economic policy and also over the issue of the Spanish Civil War. The fall of the Popular Front caused a new split from the SFIO, with the departure of the left-wing of the party, HP Pavilion dv7-3065dx CPU Fan
HP 550 CPU Fan
led by Marceau Pivert, to the Workers and Peasants' Socialist Party. The demoralised Left fell apart and was unable to resist the collapse of the French Third Republic after the military defeat of 1940. HP Pavilion dv7-3170ep CPU Fan
After the liberation of France in 1944, the SFIO re-emerged in a coalition with a powerful French Communist Party (PCF), which became the largest left-wing party, and the Christian democratic Popular Republican Movement (MRP). IBM 26R8197 CPU Fan
This alliance installed the main elements of the French welfare state and the French Fourth Republic, but it did not survive the Cold War. In May 1947, the Socialist Prime Minister Paul Ramadier dismissed the Communist ministers. Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E520 Keyboard
Blum proposed the construction of a Third Force with the centre-left and the centre-right, against the Gaullists and the Communists. However, his candidate to lead of the SFIO, Daniel Mayer, was defeated by Guy Mollet. SONY VAIO VGN NR298E Keyboard
Mollet was supported by the left wing of the party. Paradoxically, he spoke a Marxist language without questioning the alliance with the centre and the centre-right. His leadership was shaken when the party divided in 1954 about the European Defence Community (the half of the SFIO parliamentary group voted "no", HP Mini 210 Keyboard
against the instructions of the party lead, participating to the failure of the project). But later, Mollet got involved the SFIO in the build of a centre-left coalition, the Republican Front, which won a plurality in the 1956 elections. Consequently, Acer eMachines E732 Keyboard
he was Prime Minister at the head of a minority government. But the party was in decline, as were the Radicals, and the left never came close to forming a united front. Indeed, this led Mollet to assert, "the Communist Party is not on the left, HP Pavilion DV7-3188cl Keyboard
but in the East". The repressive policy of Mollet in the Algerian War and his support for Charles de Gaulle's come-back in 1958 (the party lead called to vote "yes" in referendum on Fifth Republic's constitution) caused a split and the foundation of the dissident Unified Socialist Party (PSU). TOSHIBA NSK-T4D01 Keyboard
The SFIO returned to opposition in 1959. Discredited by its fluctuating policy during the Fourth Republic, it reached its lowest ebb in the 1960s.
Both because of its opposition to the principle of presidential election by universal suffrage and because De Gaulle's re-election appeared inevitable, HP 405963-001 Keyboard
SAMSUNG Q35 Keyboard
the SFIO did not nominate a candidate for the 1965 presidential election. Consequently, it supported the candidacy of François Mitterrand, a former minister of the Fourth Republic who had been a conservative, SONY VAIO VGN NR185E Keyboard
then a leftist independent. He was resolutely anti-Gaullist. Supported by all the left-wing parties, he obtained a good result and faced De Gaulle in an unexpected second ballot, becoming the leader of the non-Communist left. HP Pavilion dv6-2133ee Keyboard
In order to exist between the Communist Party, leading the left, and the Gaullist Party, leading the country, the SFIO, Radicals, and left-wing republican groups created the Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left under Mitterrand's leadership. ACER 9J.N1H82.01D Keyboard
But unable to benefit from the May 1968 events, it imploded after its disastrous defeat at the June 1968 legislative elections. One year later, the SFIO candidate Gaston Defferre was eliminated in the first round of the1969 presidential election, with only 5% of votes. HP Pavilion dv7-2185dx CPU Fan
In 1969, during the Alfortville Congress, the SFIO was replaced by the Socialist Party (Parti socialiste or PS). It was joined by pro-Pierre Mendès-France clubs (Union of Clubs for the Renewal of the Left led by Alain Savary) HP Pavilion dv7-3125eo CPU Fan
and left-wing republican groups (Union of Socialist Groups and Clubs of Jean Poperen). During the Issy-les-Moulineaux Congress, Alain Savary was elected First Secretary with the support of his predecessor Guy Mollet. He proposed an "ideological dialogue" with the Communists. HP Pavilion dv4-1133tx CPU Fan
Two years later, during the Epinay Congress, pro-François Mitterrand clubs (Convention of Republican Institutions), joined the party. Mitterrand defeated the Savary-Mollet duo by proposing an electoral programme with the Communists and took the lead. HP 606013-001 CPU Fan
In 1972, the Common Programme was signed with the PCF and Radical Party of the Left. During the Socialist International conference, he explained the alliance of left-wing parties is a yearning of French left-wing voters. In this, the goal of his strategy was "to regain 3 million of the 5 million of PCF voters". The left, and notably the Socialist Party, HP COMPAQ KSB05105HA CPU Fan
experienced an electoral recovery at the 1973 legislative election. Mitterrand, the candidate of the left-wing alliance, came close to winning the 1974 presidential election. Indeed, he obtained 49.2% of votes in the second round. HP 538340-001 CPU Fan
At the end of 1974, some PSU members, including leader Michel Rocard, re-joined the PS. They represented the "left-wing Christian" and non-Marxist group. The most conservative members of the PS, they advocated an alignment of French socialism along the lines of European social democracy, that is, a clear acceptance of the market economy. HP Pavilion dv6-2150us CPU Fan
While the "Union of the Left" triumphed at the 1977 municipal election, the electoral rise of the PS worried the Communist Party. The two parties failed to update the Common Programme and the PCF leader Georges Marchais denounced a "turn towards the Right" of the PS. IBM 42T3671 Keyboard
In spite of positive polls, the "Union of the Left" lost the 1978 legislative election. For the first time since 1936, the Socialists scored better in the polls than the Communists, becoming the main left-wing party, but their defeat caused an internal crisis. HP 519265-001 Keyboard
Mitterrand's leadership was challenged by Rocard, who wanted to abandon the Common Programme which he considered archaic and unrealistic. Mitterrand felt that the left could not win without the alliance between the Socialists and the Communists. In 1979, Mitterrand won the Metz Congress, then, despite Rocard's popularity, was chosen as PS candidate for the 1981 presidential election. SONY Vaio PCG-K215M Keyboard
Three major tendencies or factions emerged within the PS by the end of the Seventies. One was represented by the Mitterrandists who wanted reform but not a complete break with capitalism. A second faction was led by Michel Rocard and his supporters, Lenovo 3000 Y500 Keyboard
who sought social democracy with a strong measure of autogestion, while a third faction formed around Jean-Pierre Chevènement and the CERES group which stood for revolutionary socialism.[13] ACER TravelMate 6292 Keyboard
In 1981 Mitterrand defeated the incumbent conservative, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, to become the first socialist of the Fifth Republic to be elected President of France by universal suffrage. He dissolved the National Assembly and, TOSHIBA Satellite l25-s1196 Keyboard
for the first time in their history, the French Socialists won an absolute majority of the seats. This landslide victory for the Socialists took place to the detriment of the right-wing parliamentary parties (Rally for the Republic and Union for French Democracy), as well as the Communist Party. DELL NSK-D8001 Keyboard
Mitterrand was the last elected national leader in Europe to attempt to carry out socialist-inspired reforms (the 110 Propositions), furthering the dirigisteeconomic planning trends of the preceding conservative governments. The Prime Minister Pierre Mauroy nationalised the banks, SONY VAIO VGN-CS31S/R Keyboard
the insurance industry and the defence industries, in accordance with the 1972 Common Program. Workers' wages were increased and working hours reduced to 39, and many other sweeping reforms carried out, HP Pavilion dv6-3045eo Keyboard
but the economic crisis continued. Reforms included the abolition of death penalty, creation of a solidarity tax on wealth (ISF), introduction ofproportional representation in legislative elections (which was applied only at the 1986 election), decentralization of the state (1982–83 laws), repeal of price liberalization for books (Lang Law of 1981), etc. Lenovo 3000 G530 4151 Keyboard
As early as 1982, Mitterrand faced a clear choice between maintaining France's membership in the European Monetary System, and thus the country's commitment toEuropean integration, and pursuing his socialist reforms. He chose the former, starting the Socialist Party's acceptance of the private market economy. In DELL 0PVDG3 Keyboard
1984 Mitterrand and his second Prime Minister, Laurent Fabius, clearly abandoned any further socialist measures. The "Union of the Left" died and the Communist ministers resigned. Although there were two periods of mild economic reflation (first from 1984-86 and again from 1988-90), monetary and fiscal restraint was the essential policy orientation of the Mitterrand presidency from 1983 onwards.[14]
TOSHIBA PK130260100 Keyboard
Nevertheless, Mitterrand was re-elected President in 1988 with a moderate programme entitled "United France". He proposed neither nationalisations norprivatisations. He chose as Prime Minister the most popular and moderate of the Socialist politicians, Michel Rocard. His cabinet included four centre-right ministers but it was supported by only a plurality in the National Assembly elected in June 1988. ACER ZU2 Keyboard
During his second term, Mitterrand focused on foreign policy and European integration. He convened a referendum for the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty. He left domestic policy to his prime ministers: Michel Rocard, ACER Aspire 2920-5A2G25Mi Keyboard
Edith Cresson and Pierre Bérégovoy. The party was hit by scandals about its financing and weakened by the struggle between the heirs of "Mitterrandism".
In 1990, during the Rennes Congress, the "Mitterrandist group" split between the supporters of Laurent Fabius and the friends of Lionel Jospin. Furthermore, a part of the left-wing of the party, ACER AEZU2R00010 Keyboard
led by Jean-Pierre Chevènement split off due to his opposition to the Gulf War and the Maastricht Treaty. This section created the Citizen and Republican Movement (MDC). Finally, many on the left were disappointed by the results of the Socialist governments. COMPAQ Presario CQ60-215DX Keyboard
At the 1993 legislative election, the PS did poorly, returning to the levels of the SFIO in the 1960s. The Socialist group of the National Assembly numbered 53 deputies against 260 during the previous term. TOSHIBA Satellite M645-S4050 Keyboard
Rocard became First Secretary of the party, and was considered the "natural candidate" for the next presidential election. He called for a political "big bang": an agreement with the centre and the centre-right, but his efforts were in vain. Lenovo 3000 Y500 Keyboard
One year later, his party obtained only 14% of votes at the 1994 European Parliament election. He was overthrown by a motley coalition led by Henri Emmanuelli, a "Mitterrandist" left-winger. One year before the 1995 presidential election, the PS was affected by a leadership crisis. Rocard lost the most part of his followers after his 1994 electoral crash, ASUS F6VE Keyboard
Fabius was weakened by theinfected blood scandal, the presidentaibility of Emannuelli was questioned. The hope of some party members transferred to Jacques Delors, president of theEuropean Commission and a favourite according to the polls, but he declined due to the radicalisation of the party which prevented his centrist strategy. DELL Precision M4500 Keyboard
Finally, Lionel Jospin, who had announced his political retirement after the loss of his parliamentary seat in 1993, came back and proposed to "take stock" of Mitterrand's inheritance. For the first time, the party members were called to nominate their candidate for presidency. Benefiting from a good image in the polls, HP Pavilion dv6-3040sp Keyboard
a strong loyalty to the party (as former First Secretary) and governmental experience (as former Education Minister, and the teachers were numerous and influential in the PS), he defeated Emmanuelli in the internal ballot. Then, he was defeated by Jacques Chirac in the run-off election but, given the PS crisis, his result was judged good and he returned as First Secretary. HP 519265-001 Keyboard
In the legislature, the PS reconstructed a coalition with other left-wing parties: the French Communist Party, the The Greens, the Radical Party of the Left, and the MDC. This "Plural Left" won the 1997 legislative election and Jospin became Prime Minister of the third "cohabitation".HP G42-415DX Keyboard
His policy was broadly progressive. The Aubry laws reduced the working time to 35 hours a week, while Universal medical insurance was instituted. However, the policy of privatisation was pursued. Compaq Presario CQ57 Series Keyboard
His coalition dissolved when the MDC leader Jean-Pierre Chevènement resigned from the Cabinet. The Green and Communist allies were weakened by their governmental participation.
The 2002 presidential election was focused on the theme of insecurity. HP Mini 210-1109TU Keyboard
Jospin, again the Socialists' candidate, was eliminated in the first round due to there being too many left-wing candidates who split the vote. He announced his retirement from politics, and the PS called on its supporters to vote for Chirac in order to defeat the far-right National Front leader Jean-Marie Le Pen, who had surprisingly advanced to the run-off. Two months later, the "Plural Left" lost the 2002 legislative election. SONY VAIO VGN-FS315Z Keyboard
François Hollande, who became First Secretary in 1997, was re-elected in 2003 during the Dijon Congress with the support of the main Socialist personalities, against the left-wing of the party. In the 2004 regional elections, the Socialists had a major comeback. In coalition with the former "Plural Left", FUJITSU Amilo Mini Ui 3520 Keyboard
they gained power in 20 of the 22 metropolitan regions (all except Alsace and Corsica) and in the four overseas regions. The party benefited from increasing frustration with right-wing parties. However, the Socialist Party has experienced considerable difficulty in formulating an alternative to right-wing policy. HP Pavilion G6-1227TU Keyboard
On 1 December 2004, 59% of Socialist Party members approved the proposed European Constitution. However, several well-known members of the Party, includingLaurent Fabius, and left-wingers Henri Emmanuelli and Jean-Luc Mélenchon, asked the public for a "no"HP AEUT5U00010 Keyboard
vote in 29 May 2005 French referendum on the European Constitution, where the proposed Constitution was rejected. Fabius was ejected from the executive office of the party. The split over the European Constitution, as well as party leaders' competing ambitions to win the presidential nomination in 2007, led the party into considerable disarray. HP Mini 110-3004tu Keyboard
In November 2005, during the Le Mans Congress, three main groups were present. The majority supported a moderate text and obtained 55%. Fabius's allies ("To Rally the Left") advocated more radical policies and gained 20%. Finally, another faction ("New Socialist Party") SONY V072078BS1 Keyboard
claimed it was necessary to renovate the party by proposing left-wing policies and a profound reform of French institutions. It obtained 25% of the vote. Virtually all factions agreed on a common agenda, broadly based on the moderate and pro-European majority's position with some left-wing amendments. SONY VAIO VGN-NR11M/S Keyboard
For the 2007 presidential election, many potential candidates appeared: François Hollande, Laurent Fabius (from the left-wing of the party), Dominique Strauss-Kahn (who claimed to represent "social democracy"), Jack Lang, Martine Aubry and Ségolène Royal, who was favoured according to the polls. Some Socialist leaders asked Jospin to return. He declared he was "available" then finally refused. Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E520 Keyboard
On 16 November 2006, the members of the Socialist Party chose Ségolène Royal to be their candidate with a majority of 60%. Her challengers, Strauss-Kahn and Fabius, obtained 21% and 19% respectively. ACER Extensa 5635Z Keyboard
After obtaining 25.87% of the vote in the first round of France's presidential elections, Royal qualified for the second round of voting but lost with 46.94% to Nicolas Sarkozy on 6 May 2007. Immediately after her defeat several party bosses (notably Strauss-Kahn), Lenovo 45N2106 Keyboard
held Ségolène Royal personally responsible for the unsuccessful campaign. In the same time, some personalities of the right wing of the party (such as Bernard Kouchner) accepted to join the government nominated by Nicolas Sarkozy. Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E525 Keyboard
In the 10 and 17 June 2007 National Assembly elections, the Socialist Party won 186 out of 577 seats, and about 10 affiliated, gain of 40 seats.
After the winning March 2008 municipal election, the campaign with a view to the Reims Congress started. Some candidates proposed to succeed François Hollande, who had announced he will not compete for another term as First Secretary: HP Pavilion DV7-3060us Keyboard
In the pre-vote, the text of Royal arrived the first with 29%, followed by Delanoë (25%), Aubry (25%) and Hamon (19%). A part of the left-wing split and founded the Left Party. During the Reims Congress, Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E120 Keyboard
which happened in a very tense climate, the leaders of the factions failed to form a majority. Consequently, the PS members had to elect directly the next First Secretary. Disappointed by his result in the pre-vote, Delanoë renounced and called to vote for Aubry. DELL Vostro A860 Keyboard
On 22 November 2008 it was announced that Aubry had defeated Royal by the narrow margin of 42 votes, and Royal asked for a recount. After checking, Martine Aubry was elected by a margin of 102 votes and 50.03% of votes. Denouncing frauds, Royal's team threatened to lodge a complaint before to renounce. HP Pavilion DV3000 Keyboard
After that, the public image of the party was deteriorated. In the 2009 European Parliament election, the PS did not succeed to benefit from the unpopularity of President Sarkozy. It obtained only 16,5% of the vote and only just got ahead of Europe Ecology (16,3%). ACER Aspire One D150-1920 Keyboard
However, the PS strengthened its network of local elects in winning comfortably the 2010 departmental and regional elections. In September 2011, for the first time a Socialist, Jean-Pierre Bel, was elected Chairman of the Senate of France. HP G42-415DX Keyboard
Candidates for the presidency of France contested an open primary on 9 October 2011 to select the Socialist Party candidate for the 2012 presidential election. The nominations for the candidacy were opened on 28 June. Though he had not officially declared his candidacy, SONY VAIO PCG-FRV25 Keyboard
Dominique Strauss-Kahn, a prominent member of the Socialist Party and the managing director of the International Monetary Fund was the polls' clear favorite to defeat the incumbent conservative president, Nicolas Sarkozy.[15] But he faced a sex assault complaint in New York and was de facto eliminated from the primary. DELL Inspiron M5030 Keyboard
Eventually, former party leader François Hollande won the primary and ran as the official Socialist Party candidate for President of France. He narrowly defeated incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy, becoming president-elect of France on Sunday 6 May 2012. HP 519265-001 Keyboard
The idea for holding an open primary to choose the Socialist Party presidential candidate had first been suggested in 2008, by the independent left-leaning think tank Terra Nova.[16]
Far-left politics are left-wing politics that are further to the left than mainstream centre-left politics. Lenovo 45N2106 Keyboard
The far left seeks equality of outcome and the dismantlement of all forms of social stratification.[1] Far leftists seek to abolish all forms of hierarchy, particularly the inequitable distribution of wealth and power.[1] HP 365485-001 Keyboard
The far left seeks a society in which everyone is provided equal economic and social opportunities, and no one has excessive wealth or power over others.[1]
The far left typically believes that inegalitarian systems must be overthrown through revolution in order to establishegalitarian societies, while the centre left works within the system to achieve egalitarianism.[1] In societies that tolerate dissent, DELL Vostro 1014 Keyboard
far-left groups usually participate in the democratic process to advance their goals.[2] The far left demands radical changes to dismantle unequal societies, including confiscation of wealth that is concentrated in a small elite, and redistribution of that wealth in an egalitarian manner.[1] FUJITSU Lifebook E8210 Keyboard
In France, the term extrême-gauche ("far left") is a generally accepted term for political groups to the left of the French Communist Party (such as Trotskyists, Maoists, Anarchists and New Leftist).[3] TOSHIBA 9Z.N4WSC.001 Keyboard
Dr. Luke March of the School of Social and Political Science at the University of Edinburgh, defines the "far left" in Europe as those that place themselves to the left of social democracy, which they see as insufficiently left-wing. The two main sub-types are the so-called "radical left", FUJITSU Siemens M1010 Keyboard
for their desire for fundamental change to the capitalist system while accepting of democracy, and the "extreme left" who are more hostile to liberal democracy and denounce any compromise withcapitalism. March sees four major subgroups within contemporary European far-left politics: communists, democratic socialists, populist socialists and social populists.[4] GATEWAY V030946FS1 US Keyboard
Hloušek and Kopeček add secondary characteristics to those identified by March and Mudde, such as anti-Americanism, anti-globalization, opposition to NATO and rejection of European integration.[5] SONY 148738121 Keyboard
McClosky and Chong surveyed a number of militant, revolutionary far-left groups in the US and they argue that, like far-right extremists, they tend to show traits of authoritarianism.[6] McKlosky and Chong further assert that in the USA, DELL PVDG3 Keyboard
the far-left groups they studied are deeply estranged from American society and highly critical of what they perceive as the spiritual and moral degeneration of American institutions, they view American society as dominated by conspiratorial forces that are working to defeat their ideological aims.[6] DELL INSPIRON 1464 Keyboard
A substantial number[clarification needed] of far-left parties gave birth[clarification needed] to terrorist organisations during the 1960s and 1970s,[7] such as theRed Brigades and the Red Army Faction.[8] DELL Vostro 3350 Keyboard
In the United States, John George and Laird Wilcox have identified the Communist Party USA, Socialist Workers Party, Black Panther Party, Students for a Democratic Society and Progressive Labor Party as some of the groups active on what he refers to as the "far-left".[9] ACER Aspire 7112WSMi CPU Fan
Gustave Charles Bouvet (French pronunciation: [ɡystav buvɛ]) was a French anarchist (born 4 December 1898, Angers) who unsuccessfully tried to assassinateAlexandre Millerand, the President of France. Toshiba GDM610000277 CPU Fan
Bouvet was raised by priests in Antwerp, and returned at 14 years of age to Paris to live with his parents. He served as the secretary for the Fédération Anarchiste and was founder of the Journal des Jeunesses Communistes, of which he became secretary and director. HP Pavilion dv7-6107tx CPU Fan
In 1921, he was sentenced to a year in prison for publishing anarchist propaganda. In April 1922, Bouvet was released from prison and took up residence on the Rue des Panoyaux.
On 14 July 1922, Bouvet made an attempt to assassinate President Alexandre Millerand. Millerand and other dignitaries were traveling in a procession of three carriages along the Champs-Élysées after returning from a Bastille Day military review. Dell Vostro 3350 CPU Fan
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When the procession reached the corner of the Avenue Marigny at about 11:05, Bouvet drew a revolver from his pocket and fired two shots at the second car, which he mistakenly believed the President was riding in. Both shots went wide, apparently due to a bystander who grabbed Bouvet's arm before he was able to aim. TOSHIBA Mini NB 300 Series Keyboard
Bouvet dropped the revolver in the ensuing struggle and attempted to run. A police cyclist who was accompanying the procession hurled his bicycle at Bouvet which caused him to fall. The crowd immediately attacked Bouvet and threatened to lynch him. The police, however, were able to pull Bouvet from the crowd and place him under arrest. SONY VGN-FE28H Keyboard
Bouvet was found to be carrying another revolver and 25 cartridges in his pockets. Upon interrogation, he declared that he intended to shoot the President "in order to make an example." He later retracted this, however, saying that he did not wish to kill anyone and that he wanted only to "make a demonstration that would attract attention to the condition of the proletariat." DELL Latitude E5500 Keyboard
Paul Deschanel studied law, and began his career as secretary to Deshayes de Marcère (1876) and to Jules Simon (1876–1877). In October 1885, he was elected deputy for Eure-et-Loir. From the first, he took an important place in the chamber, HP Pavilion dv5-1104tu Keyboard
as one of the most notable orators of the Progressist Republican group. In January 1896, he was elected vice-president of the chamber, and henceforth devoted himself to the struggle against the Left, not only in parliament, but also in public meetings throughout France. TOSHIBA Equium A100 Series Keyboard
His addresses at Marseille on 26 October 1896, at Carmaux on 27 December 1896, and at Roubaix on 10 April 1897, were triumphs of clear and eloquent exposition of the political and social aims of the Progressist party. SONY VAIO VGN-AR570 Keyboard
In June 1898, he was elected president of the chamber, and was re-elected in 1901, but rejected in 1902. Nevertheless he came forward brilliantly in 1904 and 1905 as a supporter of the law on the separation of church and state. He returned to his former position in 1912, serving until he was elected President of France on 17 January 1920. DELL Vostro 3350 Keyboard
Deschanel aspired to a much more active role as president than had been de rigueur under the Third Republic; but, for reasons of his own mental health, was unable to put his ideas to the test.
As president, his eccentric behaviour caused some consternation; on one occasion, after a delegation of schoolgirls had presented him with a bouquet, ACER Aspire 7736ZG Keyboard
he tossed the flowers back at them one by one. On another occasion he received the British Ambassador to France wearing only the ceremonial decorations of his office.[1] It all culminated when, late one night, 24 May 1920, TOSHIBA NSK-TBD01 Keyboard
he fell out of a large window of the presidential train near Montargis after taking some sleeping pills and was found wandering in his nightshirt by a platelayer, who took him to the nearest level-crossing keeper's cottage. Soon afterwards, Deschanel walked out of a state meeting, HP 9J.N0Y82.H01 Keyboard
straight into a lake, fully clothed. His resignation was offered on 21 September 1920, and he was placed in an institution. Nevertheless, he was narrowly elected to the senate in January 1921, serving until his death. HP 517865-031 Keyboard
He was the only French head of state during whose term in office no persons in France were executed (the death penalty was abolished in 1981 with support of President François Mitterrand). Deschanel himself was a longtime death penalty opponent.[2] Lenovo 0A62039 Keyboard
In economics and sociology, the means of production refers to physical, non-human inputs used in production; that is, the "means of production" includes capital assets used to produce wealth, such as machinery, tools and factories,[1] HP Pavilion dv7-4283cl CPU Fan
including both infrastructural capital and natural capital. This includes the "factors of production" described in classical economics minus financial capital and minus human capital. They include two broad categories of objects: instruments of labour (tools, factories, infrastructure, etc.) HP COMPAQ 2510P Series CPU Fan
and subjects of labor (natural resources and raw materials). If creating a good, people operate on the subjects of labor, using the instruments of labor, to create a product; or, stated another way, labour acting on the means of production creates a good.[2] HP Pavilion dv6-3126ea CPU Fan
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The means of production can be simply described as follows: in an agrarian society the soil and the shovel are the means of production; in an industrial society, mines and the factories; and in a knowledge economy, offices and computers. Compaq Presario CQ60-615DX CPU Fan
When used in the broad sense, the "means of production" includes the "means of distribution" such as stores, the internet and railroads.[3]
Ownership of the means of production and control over the surplus product generated by their operation is a key factor in categorizing different economic systems. HP Pavilion dv6-2057eo CPU Fan
Factors of production are defined by German economist Karl Marx in his book Das Kapital as labour, subjects of labor, and instruments of labor; i.e., the term is equivalent to means of production plus labor. The factors of production are often listed in economic writings derived from the classical school as "land, labour and capital". HP Pavilion dv7-1135nr CPU Fan
Marx sometimes used the term "productive forces" equivalently with "factors of production;" in Capital, he uses "factors of production," in his famous Preface to the Critique of Political Economy, he uses "productive forces" (note that this is in the English versions and may depend on the translation.) IBM ThinkPad T43P-2668 CPU Fan
Production relations (Marx: Produktionsverhältnis) are the relations humans enter into with each other in using the means of production to produce. Examples of such relations are employer/employee, buyer/seller, the technical division of labour in a factory, and property relations. Toshiba Satellite A100-02M CPU Fan
Mode of production (Marx: Produktionsweise)
(In political context) - the facilities and resources for producing goods. Study of how people take over other governments using force and violence, not talks and agreements.
The analysis of the ownership and control of the means of production, as well as the level of their technological sophistication, is a central component of Marxist theory. ACER Aspire 5730Z Series CPU Fan
In Marxist theory, the process of socioeconomic change and evolution is based on the premise of technological improvements in the means of production. As the level of technology improves, existing forms of social relations become inconsistent and necessary, creating contradictions between the level of technology in the means of production and how society is organized socially. Toshiba Satellite P300-1FN CPU Fan
These contradictions manifest themselves in the form of class conflicts, which develop to a point where the existing mode of production is no longer sustainable and collapses, leading to the emergence of a new mode of production based on a different set of social relations - most notable based on a different form of ownership over the means of production.[4] HP G42-415DX CPU Fan
Ownership of the means of production and control over the surplus product generated by their operation is the fundamental factor in delineating different economic systems (or modes of production). HP Pavilion dv7-4177nr CPU Fan
Capitalism is defined as private ownership and control over the means of production, where the surplus product becomes a source of unearned income for its owners. By contrast, socialism is defined as public ownership of the means of production so that the surplus product accrues to society at large. HP 580718-001 CPU Fan
To the question of why classes exist in human societies in the first place, Karl Marx offered an historical explanation that it was the cultural practice of Ownership of the Means of Production that gives rise to them. ACER Aspire One A110-1834 CPU Fan
This explanation differs dramatically from other explanations based on "differences in ability" between individuals or on religious or political affiliations giving rise to castes. This explanation is consistent with the bulk of Marxist theory in which Politics and Religion are seen as mere outgrowths (superstructures) of the basic underlying economic reality of a people[citation needed]. Dell Vostro 3450 CPU Fan
Pelletan was born in Paris, the son of Eugène Pelletan (1813-1884), a writer of some distinction and a noted opponent of theSecond Empire.
Camille Pelletan was educated in Paris, passed as licentiate in laws, and studied at the École Nationale des Chartes where he was qualified as an "archiviste paléographe". SONY Vaio VPC-EB4X1E/BQ CPU Fan
At the age of twenty he became an active journalist, and a bitter critic of the Imperial Government. After the war of 1870-71 he took a leading place among the Radicals, as an opponent of the "Opportunist Republicans" who continued the policy of Léon Gambetta. HP 646578-001 CPU Fan
In 1880 he became editor of Justice, and worked with success to bring about a revision of the sentences passed on the Communards. In 1881 he was elected a deputy for the Xe arrondissement of Paris, and in 1885 for the Bouches-du-Rhône département, being reelected in 1889, 1893 and 1898; and he was repeatedly chosen as reporter to the various bureaus. HP Pavilion tx2510us CPU Fan
During the Dreyfus Affair he fought vigorously on behalf of the Republican government and when the coalition known as the Bloc des gauches (Left-Wings Block) was formed he took his place as a Radical leader, becoming a member of the Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party at its creation in 1902, and taking place at its left-wing. TOSHIBA 9Z.N4WSC.001 Keyboard
He was nominated as Minister of Marine in the Bloc des gauches cabinet of Émile Combes (June 1902 to January 1905), but his administration was severely criticized, notably by Jean Marie Antoine de Lanessan and other naval experts. TOSHIBA Satellite M645-S4070 Keyboard
During the great sailors strike at Marseille in 1904 he showed pronounced sympathy with the socialistic aims and methods of the strikers, and a strong feeling was aroused that his Radical sympathies tended to a serious weakening of the navy and to destruction of discipline. HP Pavilion DV6-1350us Keyboard
A somewhat violent controversy resulted, in the course of which Pelletan's indiscreet speeches did him no good; and he became a common subject for ill-natured caricatures.
On the fall of the Combes ministry he became less prominent in French politics. HP Pavilion DV7-3188cl Keyboard
A deputy again for the Bouches du Rhône (until 1912), he voted on 3 July 1905 the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State. From 1912 to 1915 he was a senator elected in the Bouches du Rhône electoral district. ASUS F6VE Keyboard
Camille Pelletan's name was given to the Parti radical-socialiste Camille Pelletan, a left-wing off-shoot of the Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party created after the 6 February 1934 crisis by Gabriel Cudenet, who opposed the participation of several Radicals to the conservative cabinet of Gaston Doumergue, which had replaced the fallen Cartel des gauches (Left-Wings Cartel). DELL NSK-DB301 Keyboard
The Pelletan's family tree includes 11 parliamentaries, among whom are Georges Bonnet and Michel Debré.
As French Navy minister, Camille Pelletan will be highly criticized. The Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske, USN (1854-1942) wrote in he’s book, "From midshipman to rear admiral", edited in 1919, concerning the French navy minister Camille Pelletan : " HP Pavilion dv6-3057tx Keyboard
Instead of being a friend of the people, as so many French people thought, Camille Pelletan by his course was more dangerous to them than all the German spies in France put together. Camille Pelletan's course did more to break down the defense of the French Republic than a half a million German troops could have done." Bradley A _Fiske DELL Vostro PP38L Keyboard
The labour movement or labor movement is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign for better working conditions and treatment from their employers and governments, HP Pavilion DV7-3057nr Keyboard
in particular through the implementation of labour and employment law. Trade unions are collective organizations within societies, organized for the purpose of representing the interests of workers and the working class. Many ruling classindividuals and political groups may also be active in and part of the labour movement. TOSHIBA Satellite l20-135 Keyboard
In some countries, especially the United Kingdom and Australia the labour movement is understood to encompass a formal "political wing", frequently known by the name labour party or workers' party, which complements the aforementioned "industrial wing".Toshiba Satellite L30-10X CPU Fan
In Europe, the labour movement began during the industrial revolution, when agricultural jobs declined and employment moved to more industrial areas. The idea met with great resistance. In the 20th century and early 19th century, groups such as the Tolpuddle Martyrs of Dorset were punished and transported for forming unions, which was against the laws of the time. Toshiba Satellite A300-21H CPU Fan
The labour movement was active in the early to mid 19th century and various labour parties and trade unions were formed throughout the industrialised world. The International Workingmen's Association, the first attempt at international coordination, SONY Vaio VGN-FS415M CPU Fan
was founded in London in 1864. The key points were the right of the workers to organize themselves, the right to an 8 hour working day etc. In 1871 the workers in France rebelled and the Paris Commune was formed. HP Pavilion dv6-3109ca CPU Fan
The movement gained major impetus in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from the Catholic Social Teaching tradition which began in 1891 with the publication of Pope Leo XIII's foundational document, Rerum Novarum, also known as "HP Pavilion dv9547cl CPU Fan
On the Condition of the Working Classes," in which he advocated a series of reforms including limits on the length of the work day, a living wage, the elimination of child labour, the rights of labour to organize, and the duty of the state to regulate labor conditions. HP G42-380LA CPU Fan
Throughout the world, action by the labour movement has led to reforms and workers' rights, such as the two-day weekend, minimum wage, paid holidays, and the achievement of the eight-hour day for many workers. IBM ThinkPad T43P-2668 CPU Fan
There have been many important labor activists in modern history who have caused changes that were revolutionary at the time and are now regarded as basic. For example, Mary Harris Jones, better known as "Mother Jones", Toshiba Satellite P300 CPU Fan
and the National Catholic Welfare Council were central in the campaign to end child labour in the United States during the early 20th century. An active and free labor movement is considered by many to be an important element in maintaining democracy and for economic development. SONY VAIO VGN-FS315Z Keyboard
Modern labour parties originated from an upsurge in organizing activities in Europe and European colonies during the 19th century, such as the Chartist movementin Britain during 1838–50. FUJITSU Amilo Mini Ui 3520 Keyboard
In 1891, localised labour parties were formed, by trade union members in the British colonies of Australia. They later amalgamated to form the Australian Labor Party (ALP). In 1893, Members of Parliament in the Colony of Queensland briefly formed the world's first labour government.
The British Labour Party was created as the Labour Representation Committee, as a result of an 1899 resolution by the Trade Union Congress. HP Pavilion DV7-2177cl Keyboard
While archetypal labour parties are made of direct union representatives, in addition to members of geographical branches, some union federations or individual unions have chosen not to be represented within a labour party and/or have severed ties with them. SONY VAIO VPC-F12 Keyboard
A degree of strategic bi-racial cooperation existed among black and white dockworkers on the waterfronts of New Orleans, Louisiana during the turn of the 20th century. Although the groups maintained racially separate labor unions, they coordinated efforts to present a united front when making demands of their employers. Packard Bell Easynote TK85 Keyboard
These pledges included a commitment to the "50-50" or "half-and-half" system wherein a dock crew would consist of 50% black and 50% white workers and agreement on a single wage demand to reduce the risk of ship owners pitting one race against the other. Black and white dockworkers also stood together during protracted labor strikes, HP Pavilion dv6-3007tu Keyboard
including general levee strikes in 1892 and 1907 as well as smaller strikes involving skilled workers such as screwmen in the early 1900s.[2][3] Georges Benjamin Clemenceau[1] (French pronunciation: [ʒɔʁʒ bɛ̃ʒamɛ̃ klemɑ̃so];[2] (28 September 1841 – 24 November 1929) SONY VAIO VGN-NW35E/W Keyboard
was a French statesman who led the nation in the First World War. A leader of the Radical Party, he played a central role in politics during the Third Republic. Clemenceau served as the Prime Minister of France from 1906 to 1909, and again from 1917 to 1920. He was one of the principal architects of the Treaty of Versailles at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. TOSHIBA Satellite M640-BT2N23 Keyboard
Nicknamed "Père la Victoire" (Father Victory) or "Le Tigre" (The Tiger), he took a harsh position against defeated Germany, though quite not as much as President Poincaré, and won agreement on Germany's payment of large sums for reparations. Clemenceau was a son of the Vendée, born at Mouilleron-en-Pareds. In Revolutionary times, DELL NSK-D8001 Keyboard
the Vendée had been a hotbed of monarchist sympathies. By his birth, its people were fiercely republican. The region was remote from Paris, rural and poor. His mother Sophie Eucharie Gautreau (1817–1903) was of Huguenot descent. SONY VGN-FE41S Keyboard
His father Benjamin Clemenceau (1810–1897) came from a long line of physicians, but he lived off his lands and investments and did not practice medicine. The father had a reputation as an atheist and a political activist; he was arrested and briefly held in 1851 and again in 1858. He instilled in his son a love of learning, devotion to the Revolution, and a hatred of Catholicism.[3] TOSHIBA 6037B0028502 Keyboard
After his studies in the Nantes Lycée, Georges received his French baccalaureate of letters in 1858. He went to Paris to study medicine but did not practice there because he did not graduate.[4]
In Paris, the young Clemenceau became a political activist and writer. In December 1861, he co-founded a weekly newsletter,Le Travail, DELL Inspiron 1564 Keyboard
along with some friends. On 23 February 1862, he was arrested by the police for having placed posters summoning a demonstration. He spent 77 days in the Mazas Prison. Lenovo 3000 G430 4152 Keyboard
He graduated as a doctor on 13 May 1865, founded several literary magazines, and wrote many articles, most of which attacked the imperial regime of Napoleon III. Clemenceau left France for the United States when the Imperial agents began cracking down on dissidents, sending most of them to the bagne de Cayennes (Devil's Island Penal System) in French Guiana. HP Pavilion DV7-2173cl Keyboard
Clemenceau worked in New York City 1865-69, following the American Civil War. He maintained a medical office but spent much of his time on political journalism for a Parisian newspaper. He took a post teaching French and horseback riding at a private girls' school in Stamford, Connecticut. ACER Aspire 1690 Keyboard
In 1880 Clemenceau started his newspaper, La Justice, which became the principal organ of Parisian Radicalism. From this time, throughout Jules Grévy's presidency, he became widely known as a political critic and destroyer of ministries (le Tombeur de ministères) who avoided taking office himself. Leading the Far Left in the National Assembly HP 519265-001 Keyboard
, he was an active opponent of Jules Ferry's colonial policy (which he opposed on moral grounds and also as a form of diversion from the “Revenge against Germany”) and of the Opportunist party. In 1885 his criticism of the Tonkin disaster contributed strongly to the fall of the Ferry cabinet. FUJITSU Lifebook E8210 Keyboard
At the elections of 1885 he advocated a strong Radical programme, and was returned both for his old seat in Paris and for theVar, district of Draguignan, selecting the latter. Refusing to form a ministry to replace the one he had overthrown, he supported the Right in keeping Freycinet in power in 1886, HP Pavilion DV7-3183cl Keyboard
and was responsible for the inclusion of General Boulanger in the Freycinet cabinet as War Minister. When Boulanger showed himself as an ambitious pretender, Clemenceau withdrew his support and became a vigorous opponent of the heterogeneous Boulangist movement, though the Radical press and a section of the party continued to patronize the general. FUJITSU Siemens M1010 Keyboard
By his exposure of the Wilson scandal, and by his personal plain speaking, Clemenceau contributed largely to Jules Grévy's resignation of the presidency in 1887. He had declined Grévy's request to form a cabinet on the downfall of Maurice Rouvier's Cabinet. by advising his followers to vote for neither Floquet, Compaq Presario CQ62-358TU Keyboard
Ferry, or Freycinet, he was primarily responsible for the election of an "outsider", Sadi Carnot, as president.
The split in the Radical party over Boulangism weakened his hand, and its collapse meant that moderate Republicans did not need his help. A further misfortune occurred in the Panama affair, as Clemenceau's relations with Cornelius Herz led to his being included in the general suspicion. DELL INSPIRON 1464 Keyboard
He remained the leading spokesman of French Radicalism, but his hostility to the Russian alliance so increased his unpopularity that in the 1893 election, he was defeated for his Chamber seat, after having held it continuously since 1876. SONY VAIO VGN-NW240F Keyboard
After his 1893 defeat, Clemenceau confined his political activities to journalism. His career was further clouded by the long-drawn-out Dreyfus case, in which he took an active part as a supporter of Émile Zola and an opponent of the anti-Semitic and Nationalist campaigns. In all, Clemenceau published 665 articles defending Dreyfus during the affair.[7] ACER TravelMate 2800 Series Keyboard
On 13 January 1898 Clemenceau, as owner and editor of the Paris daily newspaper L'Aurore, published Émile Zola's "J'accuse" on the front page. He decided to run the controversial article, which would become a famous part of the Dreyfus Affair, in the form of an open letter to the President, Félix Faure. DELL INSPIRON 1464 Keyboard
· In 1900 he withdrew from La Justice to found a weekly review, Le Bloc, to which he was practically the sole contributor. Le Bloc lasted until 15 March 1902. On 6 April 1902 he was elected senator for the Var, district of Draguignan, although he had previously called for the suppression of the Senate, as he considered it a strong-house of conservatism. He served as senator of Draguignan until 1920. Lenovo IBM ThinkPad Edge E420 Keyboard
He sat with the Radical-Socialist Party and moderated his positions, although he still vigorously supported the Combesministry, who spearheaded the anti-clericalist Republican struggle. In June 1903 he undertook the direction of the journalL'Aurore, which he had founded. In it he led the campaign to revisit the Dreyfus affair, and to create a separation of Church and State. The latter was implemented by the 1905 Act.[8] Lenovo IBM ThinkPad Edge S420 Keyboard
In March 1906 the Rouvier ministry fell, owing to the riots provoked by the inventories of church property, and to the Radicals' victory during the 1906 legislative election. The new government of Ferdinand Sarrien appointed Clemenceau as Minister of the Interior in the cabinet. Lenovo IBM ThinkPad Edge E420S Keyboard
On a domestic level, Clemenceau reformed the police forces and ordered repressive policies towards the workers' movement. He supported the formation of scientific police by Alphonse Bertillon, and founded the Brigades mobiles (French for "mobile squads") led by Célestin Hennion. These squads were nicknamed Brigades du Tigre ("The Tiger's Brigades") after Clemenceau himself. Lenovo IBM ThinkPad T420 Keyboard
The miners' strike in the Pas de Calais after the disaster at Courrieres, which resulted in more than one thousand dead, threatened wide disorder on 1 May 1906. Clemenceau ordered the military against the strikers and repressed the wine-growers' strike in the Languedoc-Roussillon. Lenovo IBM ThinkPad T420i Keyboard
His actions alienated the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) socialist party, from which he definitively broke in his notable reply in the Chamber to Jean Jaurès, leader of the SFIO, in June 1906. Lenovo IBM ThinkPad T420S Keyboard
His speech positioned him as the strong man of the day in French politics; when the Sarrien ministry resigned in October, Clemenceau became premier. During 1907 and 1908, he led the development of a new Entente cordiale with Britain, SONY VGN-FE11M Keyboard
ACER TravelMate 3232WXMi Keyboard
which gave France a successful role in European politics.[citation needed] Difficulties with Germany, and criticism by the Socialist party in connection with Morocco (First Moroccan Crisis in 1905–06, were settled at the Algeciras Conference). HP Pavilion DV7-3065dx Keyboard
HP 516884-001 Keyboard
Born in Paris, he was educated for the bar, and made his reputation by his defence, in company with Georges Laguerre, ofErnest Roche (fr) and Duc-Quercy (fr), the instigators of the strike at Decazeville in 1883; TOSHIBA PK130260100 Keyboard
he then took Laguerre's place on Georges Clemenceau's paper, La Justice. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the Seine département in 1885 as a Radical Socialist. He was associated with Clemenceau and Camille Pelletan as an arbitrator in the Carmauxstrike (1892). SONY VAIO VGN-CR42S Keyboard
He had long had the ear of the Chamber in matters of social legislation, and after the Panama scandals had discredited so many politicians his influence grew.
He was chief of the Socialist faction (the Parti Socialiste de France in 1899), a group which then mustered sixty members, and edited until 1896 their organ in the press, HP 533549-001 Keyboard
La Petite République. His programme included the collective ownership of the means of production and the international association of labour, but, when in June 1899 he enteredPierre Waldeck-Rousseau's cabinet of "republican defence" as Minister of Commerce, he limited himself to practical reforms, TOSHIBA Satellite M645-S4050 Keyboard
devoting his attention to the improvement of the mercantile marine, to the development of trade, of technical education, of the postal system, and to the amelioration of the conditions of labour. Labour questions were entrusted to a separate department, the Direction du Travail, and the pension and insurance office was also raised to the status of a "direction".DELL Vostro PP37L Keyboard
As labour minister, Millerand was responsible for the introduction of a wide range of reforms, including the reduction in the maximum workday from 11 to 10 hours in 1904, the introduction of an 8-hour workday for postal employees, ACER Aspire 2920Z Keyboard
the prescribing of maximum hours and minimum wages for all work undertaken by public authorities, the bringing of worker’s representatives into the Conseil supérieur de travail, the establishment of arbitration tribunals and inspectors of labour, and the creation of a labour section inside his Ministry of commerce to tackle the problem of social insurance. Lenovo Thinkpad T420 Keyboard
The introduction of trade union representatives on the Supreme Labour Council, the organization of local labour councils, and the instructions to factory inspectors to put themselves in communication with the councils of the trade unions, were valuable concessions to labour, IBM Lenovo Thinkpad X201 Keyboard
and he further secured the rigorous application of earlier laws devised for the protection of the working class. His name was especially associated with a project for the establishment of old age pensions, which became law in 1905. In 1898, he became editor of La Lanterne. HP G72-b60US Keyboard
His influence with the far left had already declined, for it was said that his departure from the true Marxist tradition had disintegrated the party. He was expelled from the group, and continued to move to the right, being appointed Prime Minister by the conservative President Paul Deschanel. SAMSUNG N150 Keyboard
When Deschanel had to resign later that year due to his mental disorder, Millerand emerged as a compromise candidate for President between the Bloc National and the remnants of the Bloc des gauches. Millerand appointed Georges Leygues, a politician with a long career of ministerial office, as Prime Minister and attempted to strengthen the executive powers of the Presidency. This move was resisted in the Chamber of Deputies and the French Senate, and Millerand was forced to appoint a stronger figure, Aristide Briand. HP G62-224CA Keyboard
Briand's appointment was welcomed by both left and right, although the Socialists and the left wing of theRadical Party did not join his government. However, Millerand dismissed Briand after just a year, and appointed the conservative republican Raymond Poincaré. DELL Precision M4500 Keyboard
Millerand was accused of favouring conservatives in spite of the traditional neutrality of French Presidents and the composition of the legislature. On 14 July 1922, Millerand escaped an assassination attempt by Gustave Bouvet, a young French anarchist. DELL Vostro 1014 Keyboard
Two years later, Millerand resigned in the face of growing conflict between the elected legislature and the office of the President, following the victory of the Cartel des Gauches. Gaston Doumergue, who was the president of the Senate at the time, HP Pavilion dm3-1020CA Keyboard
was chosen to replace Millerand.
Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau was born in Nantes, Loire-Atlantique. His father, René Waldeck-Rousseau, a barrister at the Nantes bar and a leader of the local republican party, figured in the revolution of 1848 as one of the deputies returned to the Constituent Assembly for Loire Inférieure. HP 597635-001 Keyboard
The son was a delicate child whose eyesight made reading difficult, and his early education was therefore entirely oral. He studied law at Poitiers and in Paris, where he took his licentiate in January 1869. His father's record ensured his reception in high republican circles. Jules Grévy stood sponsor for him at the Parisian bar. TOSHIBA Satellite L775D-S7226 Keyboard
After six months of waiting for briefs in Paris, he decided to return home and to joined the bar of St Nazaire early in 1870. In September he became, in spite of his youth, secretary to the municipal commission temporarily appointed to carry on the town business. Compaq Presario CQ42-228LA Keyboard
He organized the National Defence at St Nazaire, and himself marched out with his contingent, though they saw no active service owing to lack of ammunition, their private store having been commandeered by the state. HP Pavilion dv6-2112sa Keyboard
In 1873, following the establishment of the Third Republic in 1871, he moved to the bar of Rennes, and six years later was returned to the Chamber of Deputies. Lenovo 45N2106 Keyboard
In his electoral program he had stated that he was prepared to respect all liberties except those of conspiracy against the institutions of the country and of educating the young in hatred of the modern social order. In the Chamber he supported the policy of Léon Gambetta. HP AEUT5U00010 Keyboard
The Waldeck-Rousseau family was strictly Catholic in spite of its republican principles; nevertheless Waldeck-Rousseau supported the Jules Ferry laws on public, laic and mandatory education, enacted in 1881–1882. TOSHIBA Satellite A110 Series Keyboard
In 1881 he became minister of the interior in Gambetta's grand ministry. He further voted for the abrogation of the law of 1814 forbidding work on Sundays and fast days, Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E525 Keyboard
for compulsory service of one year for seminarists and for the re-establishment of divorce. He made his reputation in the Chamber by a report which he drew up in 1880 on behalf of the committee appointed to inquire into theFrench judicial system. SONY VAIO VGN-FS295XP Keyboard
He was chiefly occupied with the relations between capital and labour, and had a large share in securing the recognition of trade unions in 1884. He became again minister of the interior in the Jules Ferry cabinet of 1883–1885, when he gave proof of great administrative powers. IBM 42T3671 Keyboard
He sought to put down the system by which civil posts were obtained through the local deputy, and he made it clear that the central authority could not be defied by local officials. Waldeck-Rousseau also deposed the 27 May 1885 act establishing penal colonies, HP 519265-001 Keyboard
dubbed "Law on relegation of recidivists", along with Martin Feuillée. The law was supported by Gambetta and his friend, the criminologist Alexandre Lacassagne.[1] After an initial failure he succeeded in forming a coalition cabinet of "Republican Defense", SONY VAIO VGN-N21S/W Keyboard
supported by the Radical-Socialists and the Socialists, which included such widely different politicians as the Socialist Alexandre Millerand and the General de Galliffet, dubbed the "repressor of the Commune". HP pavilion DV7-1000 Keyboard
He himself returned to his former post at the ministry of the interior, and set to work to quell the discontent with which the country was seething, to put an end to the various agitations which under specious pretences were directed against republican institutions (far-right leagues, Boulangist crisis, etc.), HP Envy 15 Keyboard
and to restore independence to the judicial authority. His appeal to all republicans to sink their differences before the common peril met with some degree of success, Compaq Presario CQ57 Series Keyboard
and enabled the government to leave the second court-martial of Alfred Dreyfus at Rennes an absolutely free hand, and then to compromise the affair by granting a pardon to Dreyfus. Waldeck-Rousseau won a great personal success in October by his successful intervention in the strikes at Le Creusot. SONY Vaio PCG-K215M Keyboard
With the condemnation in January 1900 of Paul Deroulède and his nationalist followers by the High Court the worst of the danger was past, and Waldeck-Rousseau kept order in Paris without having recourse to irritating displays of force. ACER TravelMate 6292 Keyboard
The Senate was staunch in support of Waldeck-Rousseau, and in the Chamber he displayed remarkable astuteness in winning support from various groups. The Amnesty Bill, passed on 19 December, HP 519265-001 Keyboard
chiefly through his unwearied advocacy, went far to smooth down the acerbity of the preceding years. With the object of aiding the industry of wine-producing, DELL FM8 Keyboard
and of discouraging the consumption of spirits and other deleterious liquors, the government passed a bill suppressing the octroi duties on the three "hygienic" drinks—wine, cider and beer. The act came into force at the beginning of 1901. Lenovo 3000 G530 4151 Keyboard
But the most important measure of his later administration was the Associations Bill of 1901. Like many of his predecessors, he was convinced that the stability of the republic demanded some restraint on the intrigues of the wealthy religious bodies. DELL 0PVDG3 Keyboard
All previous attempts in this direction had failed. In his speech in the Chamber, Waldeck-Rousseau recalled the fact that he had tried to pass an Associations Bill in 1882, and again in 1883. HP Pavilion dv7-6187cl CPU Fan
He declared that the religious associations were now being subjected for the first time to the regulations common to all others, and that the object of the bill was to ensure the supremacy of the civil power. The royalist bias given to the pupils in the religious seminaries was undoubtedly a principal cause of the passing of this bill; Toshiba Satellite A205-S5831 CPU Fan
and the government took strong measures to secure the presence of officers of undoubted fidelity to the republic in the higher positions on the staff. His speeches on the religious question were published in 1901 under the title of Associations et congregations, following a volume of speeches on Questions sociales (1900). IBM MCF-217PAM05 CPU Fan
As the general election of 1902 approached all sections of the Opposition united their efforts under the Bloc des gauches, and the name of Waldeck-Rousseau served as a battle-cry for one side, and on the other as a target for abuse. APPLE 661-4952 CPU Fan
The result was a decisive victory for republican stability. With the defeat of the machinations against the republic, Waldeck-Rousseau considered his task ended, and on 3 June 1902 he resigned office, having proved himself the " Dell Vostro 3500 CPU Fan
strongest personality in French politics since the death of Gambetta."[citation needed] He emerged from his retirement to protest in the Senate against the construction put on his Associations Bill by Émile Combes, who refused in mass the applications of the teaching and preaching congregations for official recognition.[2] Compaq Presario CQ60-615DX CPU Fan
The Socialist Party (French: Parti socialiste [paʁti sɔsjaˈlist], PS) is a social democratic[1][2][3][4][5][6] political party in France, and the largest party of the French centre-left. The PS is one of the two major contemporary political parties in France, along with the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) HP 646578-001 CPU Fan
on the centre-right. The Socialist Party replaced the earlier French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) in 1969, and is currently led by First Secretary Harlem Désir[7] who is the first black person to lead a major European political party.[8] The PS is a member of the Party of European Socialists (PES), the Socialist International (SI) and the Progressive Alliance. HP Pavilion dv9230us CPU Fan
The PS first won power in 1981, when its candidate François Mitterrand was elected President of France in the 1981 presidential election. Under Mitterrand, the party achieved a governing majority in the National Assembly from 1981 to 1986 and again from 1988 to 1993. IBM Lenovo Thinkpad X200 Series CPU Fan
PS leader Lionel Jospin lost his bid to succeed Mitterrand as president in the 1995 presidential election against Rally for the Republic leader Jacques Chirac, but became prime minister in a cohabitation government after the 1997 parliamentary elections, a position Jospin held until 2002, when he was again defeated in thepresidential election. HP KSB06105HA CPU Fan
In 2007, the party's candidate for the presidential election, Ségolène Royal, was defeated by conservative UMP candidateNicolas Sarkozy. IBM ThinkPad T60 2637 CPU Fan
Then, the Socialist party won most of regional and local elections and it won control of the Senate in 2011 for the first time in more than fifty years.[9] On 6 May 2012, François Hollande, the First Secretary of the Socialist Party from 1997 to 2008, was elected President of France, and the next month, the party won the majority in the National Assembly. APPLE MG62090V1-Q020-S99 CPU Fan
The PS also formed several figures who acted at the international level: Jacques Delors, who was the eighth President of the European Commission from 1985 to 1994 and the first person to serve three terms in that office, was from the Socialist Party,[10] HP 535766-001 CPU Fan
HP Envy 17-1090eo CPU Fan
as well as Dominique Strauss-Kahn, who was the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fundfrom 2007 to 2011,[11] and Pascal Lamy, who was Director-General of the World Trade Organization from 2005 to 2013.[12] Dell Vostro 3350 CPU Fan
The defeat of the Paris commune (1871) greatly reduced the power and influence of socialist movements in France. Its leaders were killed or exiled. France's first socialist party, the Federation of the Socialist Workers of France, was founded in 1879. TOSHIBA NSK-TK001 Keyboard
It was characterised as "possibilist" because it promoted gradual reforms. Two parties split off from it: in 1882, the French Workers' Party of Jules Guesde and Paul Lafargue (the son-in-law of Karl Marx), then in 1890 theRevolutionary Socialist Workers' Party of Jean Allemane. TOSHIBA 9J.N7482.901 Keyboard
At the same time, the heirs of Louis Auguste Blanqui, a symbol of the French revolutionary tradition, created the Central Revolutionary Committee led by Édouard Vaillant. There were also some declared socialist deputies such as Alexandre Millerand and Jean Jaurès who did not belong to any party. DELL MD538 CPU Fan
In 1899, the participation of Millerand in Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau's cabinet caused a debate about socialist participation in a "bourgeois government". Three years later, Jaurès, Allemane and the possibilists founded the possibilist French Socialist Party, HP Pavilion dv7-6187cl CPU Fan
which supported participation in government, while Guesde and Vaillant formed the Socialist Party of France, which opposed such co-operation. HP Pavilion dv7-3065dx CPU Fan
In 1905, during the Globe Congress, the two groups merged in the French Section of the Workers International (SFIO). Leader of the parliamentary group and director of the party paper L'Humanité, Jaurès was its most influential figure. HP KSB06105HA CPU Fan
The party was hemmed in between the middle-class liberals of the Radical Party and the revolutionary syndicalists who dominated the trade unions. Furthermore, the goal to rally all the Socialists in one single party was partially reached: HP Pavilion dv7-2043cl CPU Fan
some elects refused to join the SFIO and created the Republican-Socialist Party, which supported socialist participation in liberal governments. Together with the Radicals, who wished to install laicism, the SFIO was a component of the Left Block (Bloc des gauches) without to sit in the government. In 1906, the General Confederation of Labour trade union claimed its independence from all political parties. HP 646578-001 CPU Fan
The French socialists were strongly anti-war, but following the assassination of Jaurès in 1914 they were unable to resist the wave of militarism which followed the outbreak of World War I. They suffered a severe split over participation in the wartime government of national unity. In 1919 the anti-war socialists were heavily defeated in elections. SONY VAIO PCG-6L2L CPU Fan
In 1920, during the Tours Congress, the majority and left wing of the party broke away and formed the French Section of the Communist International to join the Third International founded by Vladimir Lenin. The right wing, led by Léon Blum, kept the "old house" and remained in the SFIO. HP Pavilion dv7-2043cl CPU Fan
In 1924 and in 1932, the Socialists joined with the Radicals in the Coalition of the Left (Cartel des Gauches), but refused to join the non-Socialist governments led by the Radicals Édouard Herriot and Édouard Daladier. SONY Vaio VPC-EB1S0E/BJ CPU Fan
These governments failed because the Socialists and the Radicals could not agree on economic policy, and also because the Communists, following the policy laid down by the Soviet Union, refused to support governments presiding over capitalist economies. HP KSB06105HA CPU Fan
The question of the possibility of a government participation with Radicals caused the split of "neosocialists" at the beginning of the 1930s. They merged with the Republican-Socialist Party in the Socialist Republican Union. SONY Vaio VGN-BX760PS5 CPU Fan
In 1934, the Communists changed their line, and the four left-wing parties came together in the Popular Front, which won the 1936 elections and brought Blum to power as France's first SFIO Prime Minister. Indeed, for the first time in its history, the SFIO obtained more votes and seats than the Radical Party and it formed the central axis of a left-wing parliamentary majority. HP Pavilion dv7-2043cl CPU Fan
Within a year, however, his government collapsed over economic policy and also over the issue of the Spanish Civil War. The fall of the Popular Front caused a new split from the SFIO, with the departure of the left-wing of the party, HP Pavilion dv7-3065dx CPU Fan
HP 550 CPU Fan
led by Marceau Pivert, to the Workers and Peasants' Socialist Party. The demoralised Left fell apart and was unable to resist the collapse of the French Third Republic after the military defeat of 1940. HP Pavilion dv7-3170ep CPU Fan
After the liberation of France in 1944, the SFIO re-emerged in a coalition with a powerful French Communist Party (PCF), which became the largest left-wing party, and the Christian democratic Popular Republican Movement (MRP). IBM 26R8197 CPU Fan
This alliance installed the main elements of the French welfare state and the French Fourth Republic, but it did not survive the Cold War. In May 1947, the Socialist Prime Minister Paul Ramadier dismissed the Communist ministers. Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E520 Keyboard
Blum proposed the construction of a Third Force with the centre-left and the centre-right, against the Gaullists and the Communists. However, his candidate to lead of the SFIO, Daniel Mayer, was defeated by Guy Mollet. SONY VAIO VGN NR298E Keyboard
Mollet was supported by the left wing of the party. Paradoxically, he spoke a Marxist language without questioning the alliance with the centre and the centre-right. His leadership was shaken when the party divided in 1954 about the European Defence Community (the half of the SFIO parliamentary group voted "no", HP Mini 210 Keyboard
against the instructions of the party lead, participating to the failure of the project). But later, Mollet got involved the SFIO in the build of a centre-left coalition, the Republican Front, which won a plurality in the 1956 elections. Consequently, Acer eMachines E732 Keyboard
he was Prime Minister at the head of a minority government. But the party was in decline, as were the Radicals, and the left never came close to forming a united front. Indeed, this led Mollet to assert, "the Communist Party is not on the left, HP Pavilion DV7-3188cl Keyboard
but in the East". The repressive policy of Mollet in the Algerian War and his support for Charles de Gaulle's come-back in 1958 (the party lead called to vote "yes" in referendum on Fifth Republic's constitution) caused a split and the foundation of the dissident Unified Socialist Party (PSU). TOSHIBA NSK-T4D01 Keyboard
The SFIO returned to opposition in 1959. Discredited by its fluctuating policy during the Fourth Republic, it reached its lowest ebb in the 1960s.
Both because of its opposition to the principle of presidential election by universal suffrage and because De Gaulle's re-election appeared inevitable, HP 405963-001 Keyboard
SAMSUNG Q35 Keyboard
the SFIO did not nominate a candidate for the 1965 presidential election. Consequently, it supported the candidacy of François Mitterrand, a former minister of the Fourth Republic who had been a conservative, SONY VAIO VGN NR185E Keyboard
then a leftist independent. He was resolutely anti-Gaullist. Supported by all the left-wing parties, he obtained a good result and faced De Gaulle in an unexpected second ballot, becoming the leader of the non-Communist left. HP Pavilion dv6-2133ee Keyboard
In order to exist between the Communist Party, leading the left, and the Gaullist Party, leading the country, the SFIO, Radicals, and left-wing republican groups created the Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left under Mitterrand's leadership. ACER 9J.N1H82.01D Keyboard
But unable to benefit from the May 1968 events, it imploded after its disastrous defeat at the June 1968 legislative elections. One year later, the SFIO candidate Gaston Defferre was eliminated in the first round of the1969 presidential election, with only 5% of votes. HP Pavilion dv7-2185dx CPU Fan
In 1969, during the Alfortville Congress, the SFIO was replaced by the Socialist Party (Parti socialiste or PS). It was joined by pro-Pierre Mendès-France clubs (Union of Clubs for the Renewal of the Left led by Alain Savary) HP Pavilion dv7-3125eo CPU Fan
and left-wing republican groups (Union of Socialist Groups and Clubs of Jean Poperen). During the Issy-les-Moulineaux Congress, Alain Savary was elected First Secretary with the support of his predecessor Guy Mollet. He proposed an "ideological dialogue" with the Communists. HP Pavilion dv4-1133tx CPU Fan
Two years later, during the Epinay Congress, pro-François Mitterrand clubs (Convention of Republican Institutions), joined the party. Mitterrand defeated the Savary-Mollet duo by proposing an electoral programme with the Communists and took the lead. HP 606013-001 CPU Fan
In 1972, the Common Programme was signed with the PCF and Radical Party of the Left. During the Socialist International conference, he explained the alliance of left-wing parties is a yearning of French left-wing voters. In this, the goal of his strategy was "to regain 3 million of the 5 million of PCF voters". The left, and notably the Socialist Party, HP COMPAQ KSB05105HA CPU Fan
experienced an electoral recovery at the 1973 legislative election. Mitterrand, the candidate of the left-wing alliance, came close to winning the 1974 presidential election. Indeed, he obtained 49.2% of votes in the second round. HP 538340-001 CPU Fan
At the end of 1974, some PSU members, including leader Michel Rocard, re-joined the PS. They represented the "left-wing Christian" and non-Marxist group. The most conservative members of the PS, they advocated an alignment of French socialism along the lines of European social democracy, that is, a clear acceptance of the market economy. HP Pavilion dv6-2150us CPU Fan
While the "Union of the Left" triumphed at the 1977 municipal election, the electoral rise of the PS worried the Communist Party. The two parties failed to update the Common Programme and the PCF leader Georges Marchais denounced a "turn towards the Right" of the PS. IBM 42T3671 Keyboard
In spite of positive polls, the "Union of the Left" lost the 1978 legislative election. For the first time since 1936, the Socialists scored better in the polls than the Communists, becoming the main left-wing party, but their defeat caused an internal crisis. HP 519265-001 Keyboard
Mitterrand's leadership was challenged by Rocard, who wanted to abandon the Common Programme which he considered archaic and unrealistic. Mitterrand felt that the left could not win without the alliance between the Socialists and the Communists. In 1979, Mitterrand won the Metz Congress, then, despite Rocard's popularity, was chosen as PS candidate for the 1981 presidential election. SONY Vaio PCG-K215M Keyboard
Three major tendencies or factions emerged within the PS by the end of the Seventies. One was represented by the Mitterrandists who wanted reform but not a complete break with capitalism. A second faction was led by Michel Rocard and his supporters, Lenovo 3000 Y500 Keyboard
who sought social democracy with a strong measure of autogestion, while a third faction formed around Jean-Pierre Chevènement and the CERES group which stood for revolutionary socialism.[13] ACER TravelMate 6292 Keyboard
In 1981 Mitterrand defeated the incumbent conservative, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, to become the first socialist of the Fifth Republic to be elected President of France by universal suffrage. He dissolved the National Assembly and, TOSHIBA Satellite l25-s1196 Keyboard
for the first time in their history, the French Socialists won an absolute majority of the seats. This landslide victory for the Socialists took place to the detriment of the right-wing parliamentary parties (Rally for the Republic and Union for French Democracy), as well as the Communist Party. DELL NSK-D8001 Keyboard
Mitterrand was the last elected national leader in Europe to attempt to carry out socialist-inspired reforms (the 110 Propositions), furthering the dirigisteeconomic planning trends of the preceding conservative governments. The Prime Minister Pierre Mauroy nationalised the banks, SONY VAIO VGN-CS31S/R Keyboard
the insurance industry and the defence industries, in accordance with the 1972 Common Program. Workers' wages were increased and working hours reduced to 39, and many other sweeping reforms carried out, HP Pavilion dv6-3045eo Keyboard
but the economic crisis continued. Reforms included the abolition of death penalty, creation of a solidarity tax on wealth (ISF), introduction ofproportional representation in legislative elections (which was applied only at the 1986 election), decentralization of the state (1982–83 laws), repeal of price liberalization for books (Lang Law of 1981), etc. Lenovo 3000 G530 4151 Keyboard
As early as 1982, Mitterrand faced a clear choice between maintaining France's membership in the European Monetary System, and thus the country's commitment toEuropean integration, and pursuing his socialist reforms. He chose the former, starting the Socialist Party's acceptance of the private market economy. In DELL 0PVDG3 Keyboard
1984 Mitterrand and his second Prime Minister, Laurent Fabius, clearly abandoned any further socialist measures. The "Union of the Left" died and the Communist ministers resigned. Although there were two periods of mild economic reflation (first from 1984-86 and again from 1988-90), monetary and fiscal restraint was the essential policy orientation of the Mitterrand presidency from 1983 onwards.[14]
TOSHIBA PK130260100 Keyboard
Nevertheless, Mitterrand was re-elected President in 1988 with a moderate programme entitled "United France". He proposed neither nationalisations norprivatisations. He chose as Prime Minister the most popular and moderate of the Socialist politicians, Michel Rocard. His cabinet included four centre-right ministers but it was supported by only a plurality in the National Assembly elected in June 1988. ACER ZU2 Keyboard
During his second term, Mitterrand focused on foreign policy and European integration. He convened a referendum for the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty. He left domestic policy to his prime ministers: Michel Rocard, ACER Aspire 2920-5A2G25Mi Keyboard
Edith Cresson and Pierre Bérégovoy. The party was hit by scandals about its financing and weakened by the struggle between the heirs of "Mitterrandism".
In 1990, during the Rennes Congress, the "Mitterrandist group" split between the supporters of Laurent Fabius and the friends of Lionel Jospin. Furthermore, a part of the left-wing of the party, ACER AEZU2R00010 Keyboard
led by Jean-Pierre Chevènement split off due to his opposition to the Gulf War and the Maastricht Treaty. This section created the Citizen and Republican Movement (MDC). Finally, many on the left were disappointed by the results of the Socialist governments. COMPAQ Presario CQ60-215DX Keyboard
At the 1993 legislative election, the PS did poorly, returning to the levels of the SFIO in the 1960s. The Socialist group of the National Assembly numbered 53 deputies against 260 during the previous term. TOSHIBA Satellite M645-S4050 Keyboard
Rocard became First Secretary of the party, and was considered the "natural candidate" for the next presidential election. He called for a political "big bang": an agreement with the centre and the centre-right, but his efforts were in vain. Lenovo 3000 Y500 Keyboard
One year later, his party obtained only 14% of votes at the 1994 European Parliament election. He was overthrown by a motley coalition led by Henri Emmanuelli, a "Mitterrandist" left-winger. One year before the 1995 presidential election, the PS was affected by a leadership crisis. Rocard lost the most part of his followers after his 1994 electoral crash, ASUS F6VE Keyboard
Fabius was weakened by theinfected blood scandal, the presidentaibility of Emannuelli was questioned. The hope of some party members transferred to Jacques Delors, president of theEuropean Commission and a favourite according to the polls, but he declined due to the radicalisation of the party which prevented his centrist strategy. DELL Precision M4500 Keyboard
Finally, Lionel Jospin, who had announced his political retirement after the loss of his parliamentary seat in 1993, came back and proposed to "take stock" of Mitterrand's inheritance. For the first time, the party members were called to nominate their candidate for presidency. Benefiting from a good image in the polls, HP Pavilion dv6-3040sp Keyboard
a strong loyalty to the party (as former First Secretary) and governmental experience (as former Education Minister, and the teachers were numerous and influential in the PS), he defeated Emmanuelli in the internal ballot. Then, he was defeated by Jacques Chirac in the run-off election but, given the PS crisis, his result was judged good and he returned as First Secretary. HP 519265-001 Keyboard
In the legislature, the PS reconstructed a coalition with other left-wing parties: the French Communist Party, the The Greens, the Radical Party of the Left, and the MDC. This "Plural Left" won the 1997 legislative election and Jospin became Prime Minister of the third "cohabitation".HP G42-415DX Keyboard
His policy was broadly progressive. The Aubry laws reduced the working time to 35 hours a week, while Universal medical insurance was instituted. However, the policy of privatisation was pursued. Compaq Presario CQ57 Series Keyboard
His coalition dissolved when the MDC leader Jean-Pierre Chevènement resigned from the Cabinet. The Green and Communist allies were weakened by their governmental participation.
The 2002 presidential election was focused on the theme of insecurity. HP Mini 210-1109TU Keyboard
Jospin, again the Socialists' candidate, was eliminated in the first round due to there being too many left-wing candidates who split the vote. He announced his retirement from politics, and the PS called on its supporters to vote for Chirac in order to defeat the far-right National Front leader Jean-Marie Le Pen, who had surprisingly advanced to the run-off. Two months later, the "Plural Left" lost the 2002 legislative election. SONY VAIO VGN-FS315Z Keyboard
François Hollande, who became First Secretary in 1997, was re-elected in 2003 during the Dijon Congress with the support of the main Socialist personalities, against the left-wing of the party. In the 2004 regional elections, the Socialists had a major comeback. In coalition with the former "Plural Left", FUJITSU Amilo Mini Ui 3520 Keyboard
they gained power in 20 of the 22 metropolitan regions (all except Alsace and Corsica) and in the four overseas regions. The party benefited from increasing frustration with right-wing parties. However, the Socialist Party has experienced considerable difficulty in formulating an alternative to right-wing policy. HP Pavilion G6-1227TU Keyboard
On 1 December 2004, 59% of Socialist Party members approved the proposed European Constitution. However, several well-known members of the Party, includingLaurent Fabius, and left-wingers Henri Emmanuelli and Jean-Luc Mélenchon, asked the public for a "no"HP AEUT5U00010 Keyboard
vote in 29 May 2005 French referendum on the European Constitution, where the proposed Constitution was rejected. Fabius was ejected from the executive office of the party. The split over the European Constitution, as well as party leaders' competing ambitions to win the presidential nomination in 2007, led the party into considerable disarray. HP Mini 110-3004tu Keyboard
In November 2005, during the Le Mans Congress, three main groups were present. The majority supported a moderate text and obtained 55%. Fabius's allies ("To Rally the Left") advocated more radical policies and gained 20%. Finally, another faction ("New Socialist Party") SONY V072078BS1 Keyboard
claimed it was necessary to renovate the party by proposing left-wing policies and a profound reform of French institutions. It obtained 25% of the vote. Virtually all factions agreed on a common agenda, broadly based on the moderate and pro-European majority's position with some left-wing amendments. SONY VAIO VGN-NR11M/S Keyboard
For the 2007 presidential election, many potential candidates appeared: François Hollande, Laurent Fabius (from the left-wing of the party), Dominique Strauss-Kahn (who claimed to represent "social democracy"), Jack Lang, Martine Aubry and Ségolène Royal, who was favoured according to the polls. Some Socialist leaders asked Jospin to return. He declared he was "available" then finally refused. Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E520 Keyboard
On 16 November 2006, the members of the Socialist Party chose Ségolène Royal to be their candidate with a majority of 60%. Her challengers, Strauss-Kahn and Fabius, obtained 21% and 19% respectively. ACER Extensa 5635Z Keyboard
After obtaining 25.87% of the vote in the first round of France's presidential elections, Royal qualified for the second round of voting but lost with 46.94% to Nicolas Sarkozy on 6 May 2007. Immediately after her defeat several party bosses (notably Strauss-Kahn), Lenovo 45N2106 Keyboard
held Ségolène Royal personally responsible for the unsuccessful campaign. In the same time, some personalities of the right wing of the party (such as Bernard Kouchner) accepted to join the government nominated by Nicolas Sarkozy. Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E525 Keyboard
In the 10 and 17 June 2007 National Assembly elections, the Socialist Party won 186 out of 577 seats, and about 10 affiliated, gain of 40 seats.
After the winning March 2008 municipal election, the campaign with a view to the Reims Congress started. Some candidates proposed to succeed François Hollande, who had announced he will not compete for another term as First Secretary: HP Pavilion DV7-3060us Keyboard
In the pre-vote, the text of Royal arrived the first with 29%, followed by Delanoë (25%), Aubry (25%) and Hamon (19%). A part of the left-wing split and founded the Left Party. During the Reims Congress, Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E120 Keyboard
which happened in a very tense climate, the leaders of the factions failed to form a majority. Consequently, the PS members had to elect directly the next First Secretary. Disappointed by his result in the pre-vote, Delanoë renounced and called to vote for Aubry. DELL Vostro A860 Keyboard
On 22 November 2008 it was announced that Aubry had defeated Royal by the narrow margin of 42 votes, and Royal asked for a recount. After checking, Martine Aubry was elected by a margin of 102 votes and 50.03% of votes. Denouncing frauds, Royal's team threatened to lodge a complaint before to renounce. HP Pavilion DV3000 Keyboard
After that, the public image of the party was deteriorated. In the 2009 European Parliament election, the PS did not succeed to benefit from the unpopularity of President Sarkozy. It obtained only 16,5% of the vote and only just got ahead of Europe Ecology (16,3%). ACER Aspire One D150-1920 Keyboard
However, the PS strengthened its network of local elects in winning comfortably the 2010 departmental and regional elections. In September 2011, for the first time a Socialist, Jean-Pierre Bel, was elected Chairman of the Senate of France. HP G42-415DX Keyboard
Candidates for the presidency of France contested an open primary on 9 October 2011 to select the Socialist Party candidate for the 2012 presidential election. The nominations for the candidacy were opened on 28 June. Though he had not officially declared his candidacy, SONY VAIO PCG-FRV25 Keyboard
Dominique Strauss-Kahn, a prominent member of the Socialist Party and the managing director of the International Monetary Fund was the polls' clear favorite to defeat the incumbent conservative president, Nicolas Sarkozy.[15] But he faced a sex assault complaint in New York and was de facto eliminated from the primary. DELL Inspiron M5030 Keyboard
Eventually, former party leader François Hollande won the primary and ran as the official Socialist Party candidate for President of France. He narrowly defeated incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy, becoming president-elect of France on Sunday 6 May 2012. HP 519265-001 Keyboard
The idea for holding an open primary to choose the Socialist Party presidential candidate had first been suggested in 2008, by the independent left-leaning think tank Terra Nova.[16]
Far-left politics are left-wing politics that are further to the left than mainstream centre-left politics. Lenovo 45N2106 Keyboard
The far left seeks equality of outcome and the dismantlement of all forms of social stratification.[1] Far leftists seek to abolish all forms of hierarchy, particularly the inequitable distribution of wealth and power.[1] HP 365485-001 Keyboard
The far left seeks a society in which everyone is provided equal economic and social opportunities, and no one has excessive wealth or power over others.[1]
The far left typically believes that inegalitarian systems must be overthrown through revolution in order to establishegalitarian societies, while the centre left works within the system to achieve egalitarianism.[1] In societies that tolerate dissent, DELL Vostro 1014 Keyboard
far-left groups usually participate in the democratic process to advance their goals.[2] The far left demands radical changes to dismantle unequal societies, including confiscation of wealth that is concentrated in a small elite, and redistribution of that wealth in an egalitarian manner.[1] FUJITSU Lifebook E8210 Keyboard
In France, the term extrême-gauche ("far left") is a generally accepted term for political groups to the left of the French Communist Party (such as Trotskyists, Maoists, Anarchists and New Leftist).[3] TOSHIBA 9Z.N4WSC.001 Keyboard
Dr. Luke March of the School of Social and Political Science at the University of Edinburgh, defines the "far left" in Europe as those that place themselves to the left of social democracy, which they see as insufficiently left-wing. The two main sub-types are the so-called "radical left", FUJITSU Siemens M1010 Keyboard
for their desire for fundamental change to the capitalist system while accepting of democracy, and the "extreme left" who are more hostile to liberal democracy and denounce any compromise withcapitalism. March sees four major subgroups within contemporary European far-left politics: communists, democratic socialists, populist socialists and social populists.[4] GATEWAY V030946FS1 US Keyboard
Hloušek and Kopeček add secondary characteristics to those identified by March and Mudde, such as anti-Americanism, anti-globalization, opposition to NATO and rejection of European integration.[5] SONY 148738121 Keyboard
McClosky and Chong surveyed a number of militant, revolutionary far-left groups in the US and they argue that, like far-right extremists, they tend to show traits of authoritarianism.[6] McKlosky and Chong further assert that in the USA, DELL PVDG3 Keyboard
the far-left groups they studied are deeply estranged from American society and highly critical of what they perceive as the spiritual and moral degeneration of American institutions, they view American society as dominated by conspiratorial forces that are working to defeat their ideological aims.[6] DELL INSPIRON 1464 Keyboard
A substantial number[clarification needed] of far-left parties gave birth[clarification needed] to terrorist organisations during the 1960s and 1970s,[7] such as theRed Brigades and the Red Army Faction.[8] DELL Vostro 3350 Keyboard
In the United States, John George and Laird Wilcox have identified the Communist Party USA, Socialist Workers Party, Black Panther Party, Students for a Democratic Society and Progressive Labor Party as some of the groups active on what he refers to as the "far-left".[9] ACER Aspire 7112WSMi CPU Fan
Gustave Charles Bouvet (French pronunciation: [ɡystav buvɛ]) was a French anarchist (born 4 December 1898, Angers) who unsuccessfully tried to assassinateAlexandre Millerand, the President of France. Toshiba GDM610000277 CPU Fan
Bouvet was raised by priests in Antwerp, and returned at 14 years of age to Paris to live with his parents. He served as the secretary for the Fédération Anarchiste and was founder of the Journal des Jeunesses Communistes, of which he became secretary and director. HP Pavilion dv7-6107tx CPU Fan
In 1921, he was sentenced to a year in prison for publishing anarchist propaganda. In April 1922, Bouvet was released from prison and took up residence on the Rue des Panoyaux.
On 14 July 1922, Bouvet made an attempt to assassinate President Alexandre Millerand. Millerand and other dignitaries were traveling in a procession of three carriages along the Champs-Élysées after returning from a Bastille Day military review. Dell Vostro 3350 CPU Fan
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When the procession reached the corner of the Avenue Marigny at about 11:05, Bouvet drew a revolver from his pocket and fired two shots at the second car, which he mistakenly believed the President was riding in. Both shots went wide, apparently due to a bystander who grabbed Bouvet's arm before he was able to aim. TOSHIBA Mini NB 300 Series Keyboard
Bouvet dropped the revolver in the ensuing struggle and attempted to run. A police cyclist who was accompanying the procession hurled his bicycle at Bouvet which caused him to fall. The crowd immediately attacked Bouvet and threatened to lynch him. The police, however, were able to pull Bouvet from the crowd and place him under arrest. SONY VGN-FE28H Keyboard
Bouvet was found to be carrying another revolver and 25 cartridges in his pockets. Upon interrogation, he declared that he intended to shoot the President "in order to make an example." He later retracted this, however, saying that he did not wish to kill anyone and that he wanted only to "make a demonstration that would attract attention to the condition of the proletariat." DELL Latitude E5500 Keyboard
Paul Deschanel studied law, and began his career as secretary to Deshayes de Marcère (1876) and to Jules Simon (1876–1877). In October 1885, he was elected deputy for Eure-et-Loir. From the first, he took an important place in the chamber, HP Pavilion dv5-1104tu Keyboard
as one of the most notable orators of the Progressist Republican group. In January 1896, he was elected vice-president of the chamber, and henceforth devoted himself to the struggle against the Left, not only in parliament, but also in public meetings throughout France. TOSHIBA Equium A100 Series Keyboard
His addresses at Marseille on 26 October 1896, at Carmaux on 27 December 1896, and at Roubaix on 10 April 1897, were triumphs of clear and eloquent exposition of the political and social aims of the Progressist party. SONY VAIO VGN-AR570 Keyboard
In June 1898, he was elected president of the chamber, and was re-elected in 1901, but rejected in 1902. Nevertheless he came forward brilliantly in 1904 and 1905 as a supporter of the law on the separation of church and state. He returned to his former position in 1912, serving until he was elected President of France on 17 January 1920. DELL Vostro 3350 Keyboard
Deschanel aspired to a much more active role as president than had been de rigueur under the Third Republic; but, for reasons of his own mental health, was unable to put his ideas to the test.
As president, his eccentric behaviour caused some consternation; on one occasion, after a delegation of schoolgirls had presented him with a bouquet, ACER Aspire 7736ZG Keyboard
he tossed the flowers back at them one by one. On another occasion he received the British Ambassador to France wearing only the ceremonial decorations of his office.[1] It all culminated when, late one night, 24 May 1920, TOSHIBA NSK-TBD01 Keyboard
he fell out of a large window of the presidential train near Montargis after taking some sleeping pills and was found wandering in his nightshirt by a platelayer, who took him to the nearest level-crossing keeper's cottage. Soon afterwards, Deschanel walked out of a state meeting, HP 9J.N0Y82.H01 Keyboard
straight into a lake, fully clothed. His resignation was offered on 21 September 1920, and he was placed in an institution. Nevertheless, he was narrowly elected to the senate in January 1921, serving until his death. HP 517865-031 Keyboard
He was the only French head of state during whose term in office no persons in France were executed (the death penalty was abolished in 1981 with support of President François Mitterrand). Deschanel himself was a longtime death penalty opponent.[2] Lenovo 0A62039 Keyboard
In economics and sociology, the means of production refers to physical, non-human inputs used in production; that is, the "means of production" includes capital assets used to produce wealth, such as machinery, tools and factories,[1] HP Pavilion dv7-4283cl CPU Fan
including both infrastructural capital and natural capital. This includes the "factors of production" described in classical economics minus financial capital and minus human capital. They include two broad categories of objects: instruments of labour (tools, factories, infrastructure, etc.) HP COMPAQ 2510P Series CPU Fan
and subjects of labor (natural resources and raw materials). If creating a good, people operate on the subjects of labor, using the instruments of labor, to create a product; or, stated another way, labour acting on the means of production creates a good.[2] HP Pavilion dv6-3126ea CPU Fan
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The means of production can be simply described as follows: in an agrarian society the soil and the shovel are the means of production; in an industrial society, mines and the factories; and in a knowledge economy, offices and computers. Compaq Presario CQ60-615DX CPU Fan
When used in the broad sense, the "means of production" includes the "means of distribution" such as stores, the internet and railroads.[3]
Ownership of the means of production and control over the surplus product generated by their operation is a key factor in categorizing different economic systems. HP Pavilion dv6-2057eo CPU Fan
Factors of production are defined by German economist Karl Marx in his book Das Kapital as labour, subjects of labor, and instruments of labor; i.e., the term is equivalent to means of production plus labor. The factors of production are often listed in economic writings derived from the classical school as "land, labour and capital". HP Pavilion dv7-1135nr CPU Fan
Marx sometimes used the term "productive forces" equivalently with "factors of production;" in Capital, he uses "factors of production," in his famous Preface to the Critique of Political Economy, he uses "productive forces" (note that this is in the English versions and may depend on the translation.) IBM ThinkPad T43P-2668 CPU Fan
Production relations (Marx: Produktionsverhältnis) are the relations humans enter into with each other in using the means of production to produce. Examples of such relations are employer/employee, buyer/seller, the technical division of labour in a factory, and property relations. Toshiba Satellite A100-02M CPU Fan
Mode of production (Marx: Produktionsweise)
(In political context) - the facilities and resources for producing goods. Study of how people take over other governments using force and violence, not talks and agreements.
The analysis of the ownership and control of the means of production, as well as the level of their technological sophistication, is a central component of Marxist theory. ACER Aspire 5730Z Series CPU Fan
In Marxist theory, the process of socioeconomic change and evolution is based on the premise of technological improvements in the means of production. As the level of technology improves, existing forms of social relations become inconsistent and necessary, creating contradictions between the level of technology in the means of production and how society is organized socially. Toshiba Satellite P300-1FN CPU Fan
These contradictions manifest themselves in the form of class conflicts, which develop to a point where the existing mode of production is no longer sustainable and collapses, leading to the emergence of a new mode of production based on a different set of social relations - most notable based on a different form of ownership over the means of production.[4] HP G42-415DX CPU Fan
Ownership of the means of production and control over the surplus product generated by their operation is the fundamental factor in delineating different economic systems (or modes of production). HP Pavilion dv7-4177nr CPU Fan
Capitalism is defined as private ownership and control over the means of production, where the surplus product becomes a source of unearned income for its owners. By contrast, socialism is defined as public ownership of the means of production so that the surplus product accrues to society at large. HP 580718-001 CPU Fan
To the question of why classes exist in human societies in the first place, Karl Marx offered an historical explanation that it was the cultural practice of Ownership of the Means of Production that gives rise to them. ACER Aspire One A110-1834 CPU Fan
This explanation differs dramatically from other explanations based on "differences in ability" between individuals or on religious or political affiliations giving rise to castes. This explanation is consistent with the bulk of Marxist theory in which Politics and Religion are seen as mere outgrowths (superstructures) of the basic underlying economic reality of a people[citation needed]. Dell Vostro 3450 CPU Fan
Pelletan was born in Paris, the son of Eugène Pelletan (1813-1884), a writer of some distinction and a noted opponent of theSecond Empire.
Camille Pelletan was educated in Paris, passed as licentiate in laws, and studied at the École Nationale des Chartes where he was qualified as an "archiviste paléographe". SONY Vaio VPC-EB4X1E/BQ CPU Fan
At the age of twenty he became an active journalist, and a bitter critic of the Imperial Government. After the war of 1870-71 he took a leading place among the Radicals, as an opponent of the "Opportunist Republicans" who continued the policy of Léon Gambetta. HP 646578-001 CPU Fan
In 1880 he became editor of Justice, and worked with success to bring about a revision of the sentences passed on the Communards. In 1881 he was elected a deputy for the Xe arrondissement of Paris, and in 1885 for the Bouches-du-Rhône département, being reelected in 1889, 1893 and 1898; and he was repeatedly chosen as reporter to the various bureaus. HP Pavilion tx2510us CPU Fan
During the Dreyfus Affair he fought vigorously on behalf of the Republican government and when the coalition known as the Bloc des gauches (Left-Wings Block) was formed he took his place as a Radical leader, becoming a member of the Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party at its creation in 1902, and taking place at its left-wing. TOSHIBA 9Z.N4WSC.001 Keyboard
He was nominated as Minister of Marine in the Bloc des gauches cabinet of Émile Combes (June 1902 to January 1905), but his administration was severely criticized, notably by Jean Marie Antoine de Lanessan and other naval experts. TOSHIBA Satellite M645-S4070 Keyboard
During the great sailors strike at Marseille in 1904 he showed pronounced sympathy with the socialistic aims and methods of the strikers, and a strong feeling was aroused that his Radical sympathies tended to a serious weakening of the navy and to destruction of discipline. HP Pavilion DV6-1350us Keyboard
A somewhat violent controversy resulted, in the course of which Pelletan's indiscreet speeches did him no good; and he became a common subject for ill-natured caricatures.
On the fall of the Combes ministry he became less prominent in French politics. HP Pavilion DV7-3188cl Keyboard
A deputy again for the Bouches du Rhône (until 1912), he voted on 3 July 1905 the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State. From 1912 to 1915 he was a senator elected in the Bouches du Rhône electoral district. ASUS F6VE Keyboard
Camille Pelletan's name was given to the Parti radical-socialiste Camille Pelletan, a left-wing off-shoot of the Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party created after the 6 February 1934 crisis by Gabriel Cudenet, who opposed the participation of several Radicals to the conservative cabinet of Gaston Doumergue, which had replaced the fallen Cartel des gauches (Left-Wings Cartel). DELL NSK-DB301 Keyboard
The Pelletan's family tree includes 11 parliamentaries, among whom are Georges Bonnet and Michel Debré.
As French Navy minister, Camille Pelletan will be highly criticized. The Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske, USN (1854-1942) wrote in he’s book, "From midshipman to rear admiral", edited in 1919, concerning the French navy minister Camille Pelletan : " HP Pavilion dv6-3057tx Keyboard
Instead of being a friend of the people, as so many French people thought, Camille Pelletan by his course was more dangerous to them than all the German spies in France put together. Camille Pelletan's course did more to break down the defense of the French Republic than a half a million German troops could have done." Bradley A _Fiske DELL Vostro PP38L Keyboard
The labour movement or labor movement is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign for better working conditions and treatment from their employers and governments, HP Pavilion DV7-3057nr Keyboard
in particular through the implementation of labour and employment law. Trade unions are collective organizations within societies, organized for the purpose of representing the interests of workers and the working class. Many ruling classindividuals and political groups may also be active in and part of the labour movement. TOSHIBA Satellite l20-135 Keyboard
In some countries, especially the United Kingdom and Australia the labour movement is understood to encompass a formal "political wing", frequently known by the name labour party or workers' party, which complements the aforementioned "industrial wing".Toshiba Satellite L30-10X CPU Fan
In Europe, the labour movement began during the industrial revolution, when agricultural jobs declined and employment moved to more industrial areas. The idea met with great resistance. In the 20th century and early 19th century, groups such as the Tolpuddle Martyrs of Dorset were punished and transported for forming unions, which was against the laws of the time. Toshiba Satellite A300-21H CPU Fan
The labour movement was active in the early to mid 19th century and various labour parties and trade unions were formed throughout the industrialised world. The International Workingmen's Association, the first attempt at international coordination, SONY Vaio VGN-FS415M CPU Fan
was founded in London in 1864. The key points were the right of the workers to organize themselves, the right to an 8 hour working day etc. In 1871 the workers in France rebelled and the Paris Commune was formed. HP Pavilion dv6-3109ca CPU Fan
The movement gained major impetus in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from the Catholic Social Teaching tradition which began in 1891 with the publication of Pope Leo XIII's foundational document, Rerum Novarum, also known as "HP Pavilion dv9547cl CPU Fan
On the Condition of the Working Classes," in which he advocated a series of reforms including limits on the length of the work day, a living wage, the elimination of child labour, the rights of labour to organize, and the duty of the state to regulate labor conditions. HP G42-380LA CPU Fan
Throughout the world, action by the labour movement has led to reforms and workers' rights, such as the two-day weekend, minimum wage, paid holidays, and the achievement of the eight-hour day for many workers. IBM ThinkPad T43P-2668 CPU Fan
There have been many important labor activists in modern history who have caused changes that were revolutionary at the time and are now regarded as basic. For example, Mary Harris Jones, better known as "Mother Jones", Toshiba Satellite P300 CPU Fan
and the National Catholic Welfare Council were central in the campaign to end child labour in the United States during the early 20th century. An active and free labor movement is considered by many to be an important element in maintaining democracy and for economic development. SONY VAIO VGN-FS315Z Keyboard
Modern labour parties originated from an upsurge in organizing activities in Europe and European colonies during the 19th century, such as the Chartist movementin Britain during 1838–50. FUJITSU Amilo Mini Ui 3520 Keyboard
In 1891, localised labour parties were formed, by trade union members in the British colonies of Australia. They later amalgamated to form the Australian Labor Party (ALP). In 1893, Members of Parliament in the Colony of Queensland briefly formed the world's first labour government.
The British Labour Party was created as the Labour Representation Committee, as a result of an 1899 resolution by the Trade Union Congress. HP Pavilion DV7-2177cl Keyboard
While archetypal labour parties are made of direct union representatives, in addition to members of geographical branches, some union federations or individual unions have chosen not to be represented within a labour party and/or have severed ties with them. SONY VAIO VPC-F12 Keyboard
A degree of strategic bi-racial cooperation existed among black and white dockworkers on the waterfronts of New Orleans, Louisiana during the turn of the 20th century. Although the groups maintained racially separate labor unions, they coordinated efforts to present a united front when making demands of their employers. Packard Bell Easynote TK85 Keyboard
These pledges included a commitment to the "50-50" or "half-and-half" system wherein a dock crew would consist of 50% black and 50% white workers and agreement on a single wage demand to reduce the risk of ship owners pitting one race against the other. Black and white dockworkers also stood together during protracted labor strikes, HP Pavilion dv6-3007tu Keyboard
including general levee strikes in 1892 and 1907 as well as smaller strikes involving skilled workers such as screwmen in the early 1900s.[2][3] Georges Benjamin Clemenceau[1] (French pronunciation: [ʒɔʁʒ bɛ̃ʒamɛ̃ klemɑ̃so];[2] (28 September 1841 – 24 November 1929) SONY VAIO VGN-NW35E/W Keyboard
was a French statesman who led the nation in the First World War. A leader of the Radical Party, he played a central role in politics during the Third Republic. Clemenceau served as the Prime Minister of France from 1906 to 1909, and again from 1917 to 1920. He was one of the principal architects of the Treaty of Versailles at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. TOSHIBA Satellite M640-BT2N23 Keyboard
Nicknamed "Père la Victoire" (Father Victory) or "Le Tigre" (The Tiger), he took a harsh position against defeated Germany, though quite not as much as President Poincaré, and won agreement on Germany's payment of large sums for reparations. Clemenceau was a son of the Vendée, born at Mouilleron-en-Pareds. In Revolutionary times, DELL NSK-D8001 Keyboard
the Vendée had been a hotbed of monarchist sympathies. By his birth, its people were fiercely republican. The region was remote from Paris, rural and poor. His mother Sophie Eucharie Gautreau (1817–1903) was of Huguenot descent. SONY VGN-FE41S Keyboard
His father Benjamin Clemenceau (1810–1897) came from a long line of physicians, but he lived off his lands and investments and did not practice medicine. The father had a reputation as an atheist and a political activist; he was arrested and briefly held in 1851 and again in 1858. He instilled in his son a love of learning, devotion to the Revolution, and a hatred of Catholicism.[3] TOSHIBA 6037B0028502 Keyboard
After his studies in the Nantes Lycée, Georges received his French baccalaureate of letters in 1858. He went to Paris to study medicine but did not practice there because he did not graduate.[4]
In Paris, the young Clemenceau became a political activist and writer. In December 1861, he co-founded a weekly newsletter,Le Travail, DELL Inspiron 1564 Keyboard
along with some friends. On 23 February 1862, he was arrested by the police for having placed posters summoning a demonstration. He spent 77 days in the Mazas Prison. Lenovo 3000 G430 4152 Keyboard
He graduated as a doctor on 13 May 1865, founded several literary magazines, and wrote many articles, most of which attacked the imperial regime of Napoleon III. Clemenceau left France for the United States when the Imperial agents began cracking down on dissidents, sending most of them to the bagne de Cayennes (Devil's Island Penal System) in French Guiana. HP Pavilion DV7-2173cl Keyboard
Clemenceau worked in New York City 1865-69, following the American Civil War. He maintained a medical office but spent much of his time on political journalism for a Parisian newspaper. He took a post teaching French and horseback riding at a private girls' school in Stamford, Connecticut. ACER Aspire 1690 Keyboard
In 1880 Clemenceau started his newspaper, La Justice, which became the principal organ of Parisian Radicalism. From this time, throughout Jules Grévy's presidency, he became widely known as a political critic and destroyer of ministries (le Tombeur de ministères) who avoided taking office himself. Leading the Far Left in the National Assembly HP 519265-001 Keyboard
, he was an active opponent of Jules Ferry's colonial policy (which he opposed on moral grounds and also as a form of diversion from the “Revenge against Germany”) and of the Opportunist party. In 1885 his criticism of the Tonkin disaster contributed strongly to the fall of the Ferry cabinet. FUJITSU Lifebook E8210 Keyboard
At the elections of 1885 he advocated a strong Radical programme, and was returned both for his old seat in Paris and for theVar, district of Draguignan, selecting the latter. Refusing to form a ministry to replace the one he had overthrown, he supported the Right in keeping Freycinet in power in 1886, HP Pavilion DV7-3183cl Keyboard
and was responsible for the inclusion of General Boulanger in the Freycinet cabinet as War Minister. When Boulanger showed himself as an ambitious pretender, Clemenceau withdrew his support and became a vigorous opponent of the heterogeneous Boulangist movement, though the Radical press and a section of the party continued to patronize the general. FUJITSU Siemens M1010 Keyboard
By his exposure of the Wilson scandal, and by his personal plain speaking, Clemenceau contributed largely to Jules Grévy's resignation of the presidency in 1887. He had declined Grévy's request to form a cabinet on the downfall of Maurice Rouvier's Cabinet. by advising his followers to vote for neither Floquet, Compaq Presario CQ62-358TU Keyboard
Ferry, or Freycinet, he was primarily responsible for the election of an "outsider", Sadi Carnot, as president.
The split in the Radical party over Boulangism weakened his hand, and its collapse meant that moderate Republicans did not need his help. A further misfortune occurred in the Panama affair, as Clemenceau's relations with Cornelius Herz led to his being included in the general suspicion. DELL INSPIRON 1464 Keyboard
He remained the leading spokesman of French Radicalism, but his hostility to the Russian alliance so increased his unpopularity that in the 1893 election, he was defeated for his Chamber seat, after having held it continuously since 1876. SONY VAIO VGN-NW240F Keyboard
After his 1893 defeat, Clemenceau confined his political activities to journalism. His career was further clouded by the long-drawn-out Dreyfus case, in which he took an active part as a supporter of Émile Zola and an opponent of the anti-Semitic and Nationalist campaigns. In all, Clemenceau published 665 articles defending Dreyfus during the affair.[7] ACER TravelMate 2800 Series Keyboard
On 13 January 1898 Clemenceau, as owner and editor of the Paris daily newspaper L'Aurore, published Émile Zola's "J'accuse" on the front page. He decided to run the controversial article, which would become a famous part of the Dreyfus Affair, in the form of an open letter to the President, Félix Faure. DELL INSPIRON 1464 Keyboard
· In 1900 he withdrew from La Justice to found a weekly review, Le Bloc, to which he was practically the sole contributor. Le Bloc lasted until 15 March 1902. On 6 April 1902 he was elected senator for the Var, district of Draguignan, although he had previously called for the suppression of the Senate, as he considered it a strong-house of conservatism. He served as senator of Draguignan until 1920. Lenovo IBM ThinkPad Edge E420 Keyboard
He sat with the Radical-Socialist Party and moderated his positions, although he still vigorously supported the Combesministry, who spearheaded the anti-clericalist Republican struggle. In June 1903 he undertook the direction of the journalL'Aurore, which he had founded. In it he led the campaign to revisit the Dreyfus affair, and to create a separation of Church and State. The latter was implemented by the 1905 Act.[8] Lenovo IBM ThinkPad Edge S420 Keyboard
In March 1906 the Rouvier ministry fell, owing to the riots provoked by the inventories of church property, and to the Radicals' victory during the 1906 legislative election. The new government of Ferdinand Sarrien appointed Clemenceau as Minister of the Interior in the cabinet. Lenovo IBM ThinkPad Edge E420S Keyboard
On a domestic level, Clemenceau reformed the police forces and ordered repressive policies towards the workers' movement. He supported the formation of scientific police by Alphonse Bertillon, and founded the Brigades mobiles (French for "mobile squads") led by Célestin Hennion. These squads were nicknamed Brigades du Tigre ("The Tiger's Brigades") after Clemenceau himself. Lenovo IBM ThinkPad T420 Keyboard
The miners' strike in the Pas de Calais after the disaster at Courrieres, which resulted in more than one thousand dead, threatened wide disorder on 1 May 1906. Clemenceau ordered the military against the strikers and repressed the wine-growers' strike in the Languedoc-Roussillon. Lenovo IBM ThinkPad T420i Keyboard
His actions alienated the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) socialist party, from which he definitively broke in his notable reply in the Chamber to Jean Jaurès, leader of the SFIO, in June 1906. Lenovo IBM ThinkPad T420S Keyboard
His speech positioned him as the strong man of the day in French politics; when the Sarrien ministry resigned in October, Clemenceau became premier. During 1907 and 1908, he led the development of a new Entente cordiale with Britain, SONY VGN-FE11M Keyboard
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which gave France a successful role in European politics.[citation needed] Difficulties with Germany, and criticism by the Socialist party in connection with Morocco (First Moroccan Crisis in 1905–06, were settled at the Algeciras Conference). HP Pavilion DV7-3065dx Keyboard
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