Mark Twain
Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910),[1] better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. He wrote The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885),[2] the latter often called "the Great American Novel." SAMSUNG Q320 laptop keyboard
Twain grew up in Hannibal, Missouri, which provided the setting for Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer. After an apprenticeship with a printer, he worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to the newspaper of his older brotherOrion Clemens. He later became a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion in Nevada. HP Pavilion DV7-3180us laptop keyboard
He referred humorously to his singular lack of success at mining, turning to journalism for the Virginia CityTerritorial Enterprise.[3] In 1865, his humorous story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County," was published, based on a story he heard at Angels Hotel in Angels Camp, California, HP 496878-001 laptop keyboard
where he had spent some time as a miner. The short story brought international attention, and was even translated into classic Greek.[4] His wit and satire, in prose and in speech, earned praise from critics and peers, and he was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty.
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Though Twain earned a great deal of money from his writings and lectures, he invested in ventures that lost a great deal of money, notably the Paige Compositor, which failed because of its complexity and imprecision. SONY VAIO VGN-FZ19VN laptop keyboard
In the wake of these financial setbacks, he filed for protection from his creditors via bankruptcy, and with the help of Henry Huttleston Rogers eventually overcame his financial troubles. Twain chose to pay all his pre-bankruptcy creditors in full, though he had no legal responsibility to do so. SONY Vaio VGN-AW190JAH laptop keyboard
Twain was born shortly after a visit by Halley's Comet, and he predicted that he would "go out with it," too. He died the day following the comet's subsequent return. He was lauded as the "greatest American humorist of his age,"[5] andWilliam Faulkner called Twain "the father of American literature."[6] Lenovo 0A62075 laptop keyboard
Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born in Florida, Missouri, on November 30, 1835. He was the son of Jane (née Lampton; 1803–1890), a native of Kentucky, and John Marshall Clemens (1798–1847), a Virginian by birth. His parents met when his father moved to Missouri and were married several years later, in 1823.[7][8] SONY VAIO VGN-N21Z/W laptop keyboard
He was the sixth of seven children, but only three of his siblings survived childhood: his brother Orion (1825–1897), Henry, who died in a riverboat explosion (1838–1858), and Pamela (1827–1904). His sister Margaret (1833–1839) DELL NSK-DB301 laptop keyboard
died when he was three, and his brother Benjamin (1832–1842) died three years later. Another brother, Pleasant (1828–1829), died at six months.[9] Twain was born two weeks after the closest approach to Earth of Halley's Comet. TOSHIBA Satellite P100-387 laptop keyboard
When he was four, Twain's family moved to Hannibal, Missouri,[10] a port town on the Mississippi River that inspired the fictional town of St. Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.[11] Lenovo 3000 G530 4151 laptop keyboard
Missouri was a slave state and young Twain became familiar with the institution of slavery, a theme he would later explore in his writing. Twain's father was an attorney and judge.[12] The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad was organized in his office in 1846. SONY VAIO VGN-FS760/W laptop keyboard
The railroad connected the second and third largest cities in the state and was the westernmost United States railroad until the completion of theTranscontinental Railroad. It delivered mail to and from the Pony Express.[13] Lenovo 3000 Y500 laptop keyboard
In 1847, when Twain was 11, his father died of pneumonia.[14] The next year, he became a printer's apprentice. In 1851, he began working as a typesetter and contributor of articles and humorous sketches for the Hannibal Journal, a newspaper owned by his brother Orion. When he was 18, SONY VAIO VGN-FS215B laptop keyboard
he left Hannibal and worked as a printer in New York City, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Cincinnati. He joined the newly formed International Typographical Union, the printers union, and educated himself in public libraries in the evenings, HP Mini 110-3014tu laptop keyboard
finding wider information than at a conventional school.[15] Clemens came from St. Louis on the packet Keokuk in 1854[16] and lived in Muscatine during part of the summer of 1855. The Muscatine newspaper published eight stories, which amounted to almost 6,000 words.[17] SONY VAIO VGN-C2S Series laptop keyboard
On a voyage to New Orleans down the Mississippi, steamboat pilot Horace E. Bixby inspired Twain to become a pilot himself. As Twain observed in Life on the Mississippi, the pilot surpassed a steamboat's captain in prestige and authority; it was a rewarding occupation with wages set at $250 per month.[18] HP 606575-001 CPU Fan
A steamboat pilot needed to know the ever-changing river to be able to stop at the hundreds of ports and wood-lots. Twain studied 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of the Mississippi for more than two years before he received his steamboat pilot license in 1859. This occupation gave him his pen name, Mark Twain, from "mark twain," SONY Vaio VGN-NW11Z/T CPU Fan
the cry for a measured river depth of two fathoms. While training, Samuel convinced his younger brother Henry to work with him. Henry was killed on June 21, 1858, when the steamboat he was working on, the Pennsylvania, exploded. HP Pavilion dv8380us CPU Fan
Twain had foreseen this death in a dream a month earlier,[19]:275 which inspired his interest in parapsychology; he was an early member of the Society for Psychical Research.[20] Twain was guilt-stricken and held himself responsible for the rest of his life. He continued to work on the river and was a river pilot until the American Civil War broke out in 1861 and traffic along the Mississippi was curtailed. HP Pavilion dv7t-6100 CTO CPU Fan
At the start of the Civil War, Twain enlisted briefly in a Confederate local unit. He then left for Nevada to work for his brother, a senior official in the Federal government.[21] Twain later wrote a sketch, "The Private History of a Campaign That Failed," which told how he and his friends had been Confederate volunteers for two weeks before disbanding their company.[22] SONY VGN-FE28B laptop keyboard
Twain joined Orion, who in 1861 became secretary to James W. Nye, the governor of Nevada Territory, and headed west. Twain and his brother traveled more than two weeks on a stagecoach across the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains, visiting theMormon community in Salt Lake City. ASUS X85S laptop keyboard
Twain's journey ended in the silver-mining town of Virginia City, Nevada, where he became a miner on the Comstock Lode.[22] Twain failed as a miner and worked at a Virginia City newspaper, the Territorial Enterprise.[23] SONY Vaio PCG-K23 laptop keyboard
Working under writer and friend Dan DeQuille, here he first used his pen name. On February 3, 1863, he signed a humorous travel account"Letter From Carson – re: Joe Goodman; party at Gov. Johnson's; music" with "Mark Twain."[24]
Further information: Mark Twain in Nevada ACER TravelMate 6292 laptop keyboard
His experiences in the American West inspired Roughing It and his experiences in Angels Camp, California in Calaveras County provided material for "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County". GATEWAY V021646BS1 laptop keyboard
Twain moved to San Francisco, California in 1864, still as a journalist. He met writers such as Bret Harte and Artemus Ward. The young poet Ina Coolbrith may have romanced him.[25]
His first success as a writer came when his humorous tall tale, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County," was published in a New York weekly, DELL Latitude D510 laptop keyboard
The Saturday Press, on November 18, 1865. It brought him national attention. A year later, he traveled to the Sandwich Islands (present-day Hawaii) as a reporter for the Sacramento Union. His travelogues were popular and became the basis for his first lectures.[26] ACER Aspire 4315 laptop keyboard
In 1867, a local newspaper funded a trip to the Mediterranean. During his tour of Europe and the Middle East, he wrote a popular collection of travel letters, which were later compiled as The Innocents Abroad in 1869. It was on this trip that he met his future brother-in-law, Charles Langdon. Both were passengers aboard the Quaker City on their way to the Holy Land. ACER TravelMate 6292 laptop keyboard
Langdon showed a picture of his sister Olivia to Twain; Twain claimed to have fallen in love at first sight.
Upon returning to the United States, Twain was offered honorary membership in the secret society Scroll and Key of Yale University in 1868.[27] Its devotion to "fellowship, moral and literary self-improvement, and charity" suited him well. DELL NSK-DB301 laptop keyboard
Throughout 1868, Twain and Olivia Langdon corresponded but she rejected his first marriage proposal. Two months later, they were engaged. In February 1870, Twain and Langdon were married in Elmira, Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E520 laptop keyboard
New York,[26] where he had courted her and overcome her father's initial reluctance.[28] She came from a "wealthy but liberal family," and through her he metabolitionists, "socialists, principled atheists and activists for women's rights and social equality," LENOVO IdeaPad S10 20015 laptop keyboard
including Harriet Beecher Stowe (his next-door neighbor in Hartford, Connecticut), Frederick Douglass, and the writer and utopian socialistWilliam Dean Howells,[29] who became a long-time friend. The couple lived in Buffalo, New York from 1869 to 1871. HP 535766-001 CPU Fan
Twain owned a stake in the Buffalo Express newspaper and worked as an editor and writer. While living in Buffalo, their son Langdon died of diphtheria at age 19 months. They had three daughters: Susy (1872–1896), Clara (1874–1962)[30] and Jean(1880–1909). The couple's marriage lasted 34 years, until Olivia's death in 1904. All of the Clemens family are buried in Elmira's Woodlawn Cemetery. HP Pavilion dv6-2110ea CPU Fan
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Twain moved his family to Hartford, Connecticut, where starting in 1873 he arranged the building of a home (local admirers saved it from demolition in 1927 and eventually turned it into a museum focused on him). In the 1870s and 1880s, Toshiba Satellite A100-644 CPU Fan
Twain and his family summered at Quarry Farm, the home of Olivia's sister, Susan Crane.[31][32] In 1874,[31] Susan had a study built apart from the main house so that her brother-in-law would have a quiet place in which to write. HP Pavilion dv6-3163eo CPU Fan
Also, Twain smoked pipes constantly, and Susan Crane did not wish him to do so in her house. During his seventeen years in Hartford (1874–1891) and over twenty summers at Quarry Farm, Twain wrote many of his classic novels, among them The Adventures of Tom Sawyer(1876), The Prince and the Pauper (1881), Life on the Mississippi (1883), Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885) and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889). TOSHIBA UDQFRZH05C1N CPU Fan
Twain made a second tour of Europe, described in the 1880 book A Tramp Abroad. His tour included a stay in Heidelberg from May 6 until July 23, 1878, and a visit to London.
Twain was fascinated with science and scientific inquiry. He developed a close and lasting friendship with Nikola Tesla, and the two spent much time together in Tesla's laboratory. Toshiba Satellite L500-208 CPU Fan
Twain patented three inventions, including an "Improvement in Adjustable and Detachable Straps for Garments" (to replacesuspenders) and a history trivia game.[33] Most commercially successful was a self-pasting scrapbook; a dried adhesive on the pages only needed to be moistened before use. HP KSB06105HA CPU Fan
This type of storyline would later become a common feature of a science fiction sub-genre, alternate history.
In 1909, Thomas Edison visited Twain at his home in Redding, Connecticut and filmed him. Part of the footage was used in The Prince and the Pauper (1909), a two-reel short film. It is said to have been the only known existing film footage of Twain.[34] APPLE MG62090V1-Q020-S99 CPU Fan
Twain made a substantial amount of money through his writing, but he lost a great deal through investments, mostly in new inventions and technology, particularly the Paige typesetting machine. It was a beautifully engineered mechanical marvel that amazed viewers when it worked, HP KSB06105HA CPU Fan
but it was prone to breakdowns. Twain spent $300,000 (equal to $8,200,000 in inflation-adjusted terms [35]) on it between 1880 and 1894,[36] but before it could be perfected, it was made obsolete by the Linotype. He lost not only the bulk of his book profits but also a substantial portion of his wife's inheritance.[37] HP 489126-001 CPU Fan
Twain also lost money through his publishing house, which enjoyed initial success selling the memoirs of Ulysses S. Grantbut went broke soon after, losing money on a biography of Pope Leo XIII; fewer than two hundred copies were sold.[37] IBM Lenovo ThinkPad X61T CPU Fan
Twain's writings and lectures, combined with the help of a new friend, enabled him to recover financially.[38] In 1893, he began a 15-year-long friendship with financier Henry Huttleston Rogers, a principal of Standard Oil. HP G60-230us CPU Fan
Rogers first made Twain file for bankruptcy. Then Rogers had Twain transfer the copyrights on his written works to his wife, Olivia, to prevent creditors from gaining possession of them. Finally, Rogers took absolute charge of Twain's money until all the creditors were paid. HP Pavilion dv7-1135nr CPU Fan
Twain accepted an offer from Robert Sparrow Smythe[39] and embarked on a year-long, around-the-world lecture tour in July 1895[40] to pay off his creditors in full, although he was no longer under any legal obligation to do so.[41] HP 496878-001 Laptop Keyboard
It would be a long, arduous journey and he was sick much of the time, mostly from a cold and a carbuncle. The itinerary took him toHawaii, Fiji, Australia, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, India, Mauritius, South Africa and England. Twain's three months in India became the centerpiece of his 712-page book Following the Equator. SAMSUNG N150 Laptop Keyboard
He joined the Anti-Imperialist League in 1898, in opposition to the U.S. annexation of the Philippines.[citation needed]
In mid-1900, he was the guest of newspaper proprietor Hugh Gilzean-Reid at Dollis Hill House, located on the north side ofLondon, SONY Vaio VGN-AW Laptop Keyboard
UK. In regard to Dollis Hill, Twain wrote that he had "never seen any place that was so satisfactorily situated, with its noble trees and stretch of country, and everything that went to make life delightful, and all within a biscuit's throw of the metropolis of the world."[42] He then returned to America in 1900, having earned enough to pay off his debts. SONY VAIO VGN-CR150F Laptop Keyboard
Twain was in demand as a featured speaker, performing solo humorous talks similar to what would become stand-up comedy.[43] He gave paid talks to many men's clubs, including the Authors' Club, Beefsteak Club, Vagabonds, HP 441137-001 CPU Fan
White Friars, and Monday Evening Club of Hartford. In the late 1890s, he spoke to the Savage Clubin London and was elected honorary member. When told that only three men had been so honored, including the Prince of Wales, HP G70-467CL CPU Fan
he replied "Well, it must make the Prince feel mighty fine."[44] In 1897, Twain spoke to the Concordia Press Club in Vienna as a special guest, following diplomat Charlemagne Tower, Jr.. In German, to the great amusement of the assemblage, SONY VGN-CS23G CPU Fan
Twain delivered the speech "Die Schrecken der deutschen Sprache" ("The Horrors of the German Language").[45] In 1901, Twain was invited to speak at Princeton University's Cliosophic Literary Society, where he was made an honorary member.[46] HP Pavilion dv7t-6100 CTO CPU Fan
Twain passed through a period of deep depression that began in 1896 when his daughter Susy died ofmeningitis. Olivia's death in 1904 and Jean's on December 24, 1909, deepened his gloom.[48] Dell Vostro 3450 CPU Fan
On May 20, 1909, his close friend Henry Rogers died suddenly. In 1906, Twain began his autobiography in the North American Review. In April, Twain heard that his friend Ina Coolbrith had lost nearly all she owned in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, HP Pavilion dv6-1104ax CPU Fan
and he volunteered a few autographed portrait photographs to be sold for her benefit. To further aid Coolbrith, George Wharton James visited Twain in New York and arranged for a new portrait session. Initially resistant, Twain admitted that four of the resulting images were the finest ones ever taken of him.[49] Toshiba Satellite L350-146 CPU Fan
Twain formed a club in 1906 for girls he viewed as surrogate granddaughters, the Angel Fish and Aquarium Club. The dozen or so members ranged in age from 10 to 16. Twain exchanged letters with his "Angel Fish" girls and invited them to concerts and the theatre and to play games. Twain wrote in 1908 that the club was his "life's chief delight."[50] HP Pavilion dv5-2135dx CPU Fan
In 1907 Twain met Dorothy Quick (then aged 11) on a transatlantic crossing, beginning "a friendship that was to last until the very day of his death".[51]
Oxford University awarded Twain an honorary doctorate in letters (D.Litt.) in 1907. Dell Vostro 3500 CPU Fan
His prediction was accurate—Twain died of a heart attack on April 21, 1910, in Redding, Connecticut, one day after the comet's closest approach to Earth.
Upon hearing of Twain's death, President William Howard Taft said:[53][54] HP Pavilion dv6675us CPU Fan
"Mark Twain gave pleasure – real intellectual enjoyment – to millions, and his works will continue to give such pleasure to millions yet to come ... His humor was American, but he was nearly as much appreciated by Englishmen and people of other countries as by his own countrymen. He has made an enduring part of American literature." HP Pavilion dv7-6180eb CPU Fan
Twain's funeral was at the "Old Brick" Presbyterian Church in New York.[55] He is buried in his wife's family plot atWoodlawn Cemetery in Elmira, New York. The Langdon family plot where he is buried is marked by a 12-foot (two fathoms, or "mark twain")TOSHIBA Satellite L755D-SP5165RM Laptop Keyboard
monument, placed there by his surviving daughter, Clara.[56] There is also a smaller headstone. Although he expressed a preference for cremation (for example in Life on the Mississippi), he acknowledged that his surviving family would have the last word. HP Mini 110-3135dx Laptop Keyboard
Twain began his career writing light, humorous verse, but evolved into a chronicler of the vanities, hypocrisies and murderous acts of mankind. At mid-career, with Huckleberry Finn, he combined rich humor, sturdy narrative and social criticism. SAMSUNG X20 Laptop Keyboard
Twain was a master at rendering colloquial speech and helped to create and popularize a distinctive American literature built on American themes and language. Many of Twain's works have been suppressed at times for various reasons.Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been repeatedly restricted in American high schools, not least for its frequent use of the word "nigger," HP Pavilion G7-1073NR Laptop Keyboard
which was in common usage in the pre-Civil War period in which the novel was set.
A complete bibliography of his works is nearly impossible to compile because of the vast number of pieces written by Twain (often in obscure newspapers) and his use of several different pen names. Additionally, HP G61-336NR Laptop Keyboard
a large portion of his speeches and lectures have been lost or were not written down; thus, the collection of Twain's works is an ongoing process. Researchers rediscovered published material by Twain as recently as 1995.[37] HP 507091-001 Laptop Keyboard
While writing for the Virginia City newspaper, the Territorial Enterprise in 1863, Clemens met lawyer Tom Fitch, editor of the competing newspaper Virginia Daily Union and known as the "silver-tongued orator of the Pacific."[57]:51HP Pavilion DV6-1334ca Laptop Keyboard
He credited Fitch with giving him his "first really profitable lesson" in writing. In 1866, Clemens presented his lecture on the Sandwich Islands to a crowd in Washoe City, Nevada.[58] Clemens commented that, "When I first began to lecture, and in my earlier writings, my sole idea was to make comic capital out of everything I saw and heard." Fitch told him, DELL PVDG3 Laptop Keyboard
"Clemens, your lecture was magnificent. It was eloquent, moving, sincere. Never in my entire life have I listened to such a magnificent piece of descriptive narration. But you committed one unpardonable sin—the unpardonable sin. DELL Vostro 3350 Laptop Keyboard
It is a sin you must never commit again. You closed a most eloquent description, by which you had keyed your audience up to a pitch of the intensest interest, with a piece of atrocious anti-climax which nullified all the really fine effect you had produced."[59] HP Mini 110-3520ca Laptop Keyboard
It was in these days that Twain became a writer of the Sagebrush School, and was known later as the most notable within this literary genre.[60]
Twain's first important work, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County," was first published in the New York Saturday Press on November 18, 1865. HP Pavilion G7-1073NR Laptop Keyboard
The only reason it was published there was that his story arrived too late to be included in a book Artemus Ward was compiling featuring sketches of the wild American West.
After this burst of popularity, the Sacramento Union commissioned Twain to write letters about his travel experiences. The first journey he took for this job was to ride the steamer Ajax in its maiden voyage to Hawaii, referred to at the time as the Sandwich Islands. SAMSUNG NP-Q320-FS01UK Laptop Keyboard
These humorous letters proved the genesis to his work with the San Francisco Alta California newspaper, which designated him a traveling correspondent for a trip from San Francisco to New York City via thePanama isthmus. HP Pavilion DV6-1334ca Laptop Keyboard
All the while, Twain was writing letters meant for publishing back and forth, chronicling his experiences with his burlesque humor. On June 8, 1867, Twain set sail on the pleasure cruiser Quaker City for five months. This trip resulted in The Innocents Abroad or The New Pilgrims' Progress. SONY Vaio VGN-AW Laptop Keyboard
This book is a record of a pleasure trip. If it were a record of a solemn scientific expedition it would have about it the gravity, that profundity, and that impressive incomprehensibility which are so proper to works of that kind, and withal so attractive. Yet not withstanding it is only a record of a picnic, it has a purpose, which is, HP 634139-001 Laptop Keyboard
to suggest to the reader how he would be likely to see Europe and the East if he looked at them with his own eyes instead of the eyes of those who traveled in those countries before him. I make small pretense of showing anyone how he ought to look at objects of interest beyond the sea—other books do that, and therefore, even if I were competent to do it, there is no need. HP Mini 210-2050sb laptop keyboard
In 1872, Twain published a second piece of travel literature, Roughing It, as a semi-sequel to Innocents. Roughing It is a semi-autobiographical account of Twain's journey from Missouri to Nevada, his subsequent life in the American West, ASUS MP-06833US-D57 laptop keyboard
and his visit to Hawaii. The book lampoons American and Western society in the same way that Innocents critiqued the various countries of Europe and the Middle East. Twain's next work kept Roughing HP Pavilion DV6-1305tx laptop keyboard
It's focus on American society but focused more on the events of the day. Entitled The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, it was not a travel piece, as his previous two books had been, and it was hisfirst attempt at writing a novel. The book is also notable because it is Twain's only collaboration; it was written with his neighbor Charles Dudley Warner. DELL Inspiron 1564 laptop keyboard
Twain's next two works drew on his experiences on the Mississippi River. Old Times on the Mississippi, a series of sketches published in the Atlantic Monthly in 1875, featured Twain's disillusionment with Romanticism.[61] Old Times eventually became the starting point for Life on the Mississippi. HP Mini 210-2050ss laptop keyboard
Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn
Twain's next major publication was The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, which drew on his youth in Hannibal. Tom Sawyer was modeled on Twain as a child, with traces of two schoolmates, John Briggs and Will Bowen. The book also introduced in a supporting role Huckleberry Finn, based on Twain's boyhood friend Tom Blankenship. DELL 08WK6F laptop keyboard
The Prince and the Pauper, despite a storyline that is omnipresent in film and literature today, was not as well received. Telling the story of two boys born on the same day who are physically identical, the book acts as a social commentary as the prince and pauper switch places. Pauper was Twain's first attempt at historical fiction, Acer eMachines E732 laptop keyboard
and blame for its shortcomings is usually put on Twain for having not been experienced enough in English society, and also on the fact that it was produced after a massive hit. In between the writing of Pauper, HP Pavilion dv6-3084ca Laptop Keyboard
Twain had started Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (which he consistently had problems completing[62]) and started and completed another travel book, A Tramp Abroad, which follows Twain as he traveled through central and southern Europe. HP pavilion DV7-1000 Laptop Keyboard
Twain's next major published work, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, solidified him as a noteworthy American writer. Some have called it the first Great American Novel, and the book has become required reading in many schools throughout the United States. DELL 454RX Laptop Keyboard
Huckleberry Finn was an offshoot from Tom Sawyer and had a more serious tone than its predecessor. The main premise behind Huckleberry Finn is the young boy's belief in the right thing to do though most believed that it was wrong. Four hundred manuscript pages of Huckleberry Finn were written in mid-1876, HP 636191-001 Laptop Keyboard
right after the publication of Tom Sawyer. Some accounts have Twain taking seven years off after his first burst of creativity, eventually finishing the book in 1883. Other accounts have Twain working on Huckleberry Finn in tandem withThe Prince and the Pauper and other works in 1880 and other years. HP Mini 1001TU Laptop Keyboard
The last fifth of Huckleberry Finn is subject to much controversy. Some say that Twain experienced, as critic Leo Marx puts it, a "failure of nerve." Ernest Hemingway once said of Huckleberry Finn: SONY Vaio PCG-K23 Laptop Keyboard
If you read it, you must stop where the Nigger Jim is stolen from the boys. That is the real end. The rest is just cheating.
Hemingway also wrote in the same essay: TOSHIBA Mini NB 505-SP0160 Laptop Keyboard
All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn.[63]
Near the completion of Huckleberry Finn, Twain wrote Life on the Mississippi, which is said to have heavily influenced the former book.[37] Lenovo 45N2205 laptop keyboard
The work recounts Twain's memories and new experiences after a 22-year absence from the Mississippi. In it, he also states that "Mark Twain" was the call made when the boat was in safe water – two fathoms (12 feet or 3.7 metres). HP Pavilion DV3000 laptop keyboard
Twain next focused on A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, which featured him making his first big pronouncement of disappointment with politics. Written with the same historical fiction style of The Prince and the Pauper, SAMSUNG Q320 laptop keyboard
A Connecticut Yankee showed the absurdities of political and social norms by setting them in the court of King Arthur. The book was started in December 1885, then shelved a few months later until the summer of 1887, and eventually finished in the spring of 1889. HP Pavilion dv5-1215ee laptop keyboard
Twain had begun to furiously write articles and commentary, with diminishing returns, to pay the bills and keep his business projects afloat, but it was not enough. He filed for bankruptcy in 1894.
His next large-scale work, Pudd'nhead Wilson, was written rapidly, as Twain was desperately trying to stave off the bankruptcy. Lenovo 3000 Y500 laptop keyboard
From November 12 to December 14, 1893, Twain wrote 60,000 words for the novel.[37] Critics have pointed to this rushed completion as the cause of the novel's rough organization and constant disruption of continuous plot. SONY VGN-FE21B laptop keyboard
There were parallels between this work and Twain's financial failings, notably his desire to escape his current constraints and become a different person.
Like The Prince and the Pauper, this novel also contains the tale of two boys born on the same day who switch positions in life. SONY VAIO VGN-N31Z/W laptop keyboard
Considering the circumstances of Twain's birth and Halley's Comet, and his strong belief in the paranormal, it is not surprising that these "mystic" connections recur throughout his writing.
The actual title is not clearly established. It was first published serially in Century Magazine, SONY VAIO VGN-CR363 laptop keyboard
and when it was finally published in book form, Pudd'nhead Wilson appeared as the main title; however, the disputed "subtitles" make the entire title read: The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson and the Comedy of The Extraordinary Twins.[37] SONY VAIO VGN-NW110D laptop keyboard
Twain's next venture was a work of straight fiction that he called Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc and dedicated to his wife. Twain had long said that this was the work he was most proud of, despite the criticism he received for it. SONY VAIO VGN-FZ19VN laptop keyboard
The book had been a dream of his since childhood. He claimed he had found a manuscript detailing the life of Joan of Arc when he was an adolescent.[37] This was another piece Twain was convinced would save his publishing company. His financial adviser, Henry Huttleston Rogers, HP Pavilion dv6-2159tx laptop keyboard
quashed that idea and got Twain out of that business altogether, but the book was published nonetheless.
During this time of dire financial straits, Twain published several literary reviews in newspapers to help make ends meet. COMPAQ Presario V6730ES laptop keyboard
He famously derided James Fenimore Cooper in his article detailing Cooper's "Literary Offenses." He became an extremely outspoken critic not only of other authors, but also of other critics, suggesting that before praising Cooper's work, Thomas Lounsbury, Brander Matthews, and Wilkie Collins "ought to have read some of it."[65] HP Mini 210 laptop keyboard
Other authors to fall under Twain's attack during this time period (beginning around 1890 until his death) were George Eliot, Jane Austen, and Robert Louis Stevenson.[66] In addition to providing a source for the "tooth and claw" style of literary criticism, ASUS A8M laptop keyboard
Twain outlines in several letters and essays what he considers to be "quality writing." He places emphasis on concision, utility of word choice, and realism (he complains that Cooper's Deerslayer purports to be realistic but has several shortcomings). HP Pavilion dv7-3170ez Laptop CPU Fan
Ironically, several of his works were later criticized for lack of continuity (Adventures of Huckleberry Finn) and organization (Pudd'nhead Wilson).
Twain's wife died in 1904 while the couple were staying at the Villa di Quarto in Florence, and after an appropriate time Twain allowed himself to publish some works that his wife, HP G60-230us Laptop CPU Fan
a de facto editor and censor throughout his life, had looked down upon. Of these works, The Mysterious Stranger, depicting various visits of Satan to the Earth, is perhaps the best known. This particular work was not published in Twain's lifetime. There were three versions found in his manuscripts, made between 1897 and 1905: Lenovo 25-011670 laptop keyboard
the Hannibal, Eseldorf, and Print Shop versions. Confusion among the versions led to an extensive publication of a jumbled version, and only recently have the original versions as Twain wrote them become available. HP Mini 110-1049TU laptop keyboard
Twain's last work was his autobiography, which he dictated and thought would be most entertaining if he went off on whims and tangents in non-chronological order. Some archivists and compilers have rearranged the biography into more conventional forms, thereby eliminating some of Twain's humor and the flow of the book. Compaq Presario CQ42-291TX laptop keyboard
The first volume of autobiography, over 736 pages, was published by the University of California in November 2010, 100 years after his death as Twain wished.[67][68] It soon became an unexpected[69] best seller,[70] making Twain one of very few authors publishing new best-selling volumes in all three of the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries. SAMSUNG BA59-02489J laptop keyboard
Censorship
Twain’s works have been subjected to censorship efforts. According to Stuart (2013) “Leading these banning campaigns, generally, were religious organizations or individuals in positions of influence – not so much working librarians, who had been instilled with that American “lCompaq Presario CQ42-200LA laptop keyboard
ibrary spirit” which honored intellectual freedom (within bounds of course). In 1905, the Brooklyn Public Library banned both The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer from the children's department because of their language.[71] FUJITSU Amilo Mini Ui 3520 laptop keyboard
Before 1899 Twain was an ardent imperialist. In the late 1860s and early 1870s he spoke out strongly in favor of American interests in the Hawaiian Islands.[74]In the mid-1890s he explained later, he was "a red-hot imperialist. I wanted the American eagle to go screaming over the Pacific."[75] HP Pavilion DV6-1199eg laptop keyboard
He said the war with Spain in 1898 was "the worthiest" war ever fought.[76] In 1899 he reversed course, and from 1901, soon after his return from Europe, until his death in 1910, Twain was vice-president of the American Anti-Imperialist League,[77] ASUS V020662BS1 laptop keyboard
which opposed the annexation of the Philippines by the United States and had "tens of thousands of members."[29] He wrote many political pamphlets for the organization. The Incident in the Philippines, posthumously published in 1924, HP Pavilion HDX9313TX laptop keyboard
was in response to theMoro Crater Massacre, in which six hundred Moros were killed. Many of his neglected and previously uncollected writings on anti-imperialism appeared for the first time in book form in 1992.[77] TOSHIBA Satellite L755-S5365 laptop keyboard
Twain was critical of imperialism in other countries as well. In Following the Equator, Twain expresses "hatred and condemnation of imperialism of all stripes."[29] He was highly critical of European imperialism, notably of Cecil Rhodes, who greatly expanded the British Empire, and of Leopold II, King of theBelgians.[29] IBM Lenovo ThinkPad R52-1858 laptop keyboard
King Leopold's Soliloquy is a stinging political satire about his private colony, the Congo Free State. Reports of outrageous exploitation and grotesque abuses led to widespread international protest in the early 1900s, arguably the first large-scale human rights movement. TOSHIBA NSK-T4D01 laptop keyboard
In the soliloquy, the King argues that bringing Christianity to the country outweighs a little starvation. Leopold's rubber gatherers were tortured, maimed and slaughtered, until the movement forced Brussels to call a halt.[78][79] ACER Aspire 1413LC laptop keyboard
During the Philippine-American War, Twain wrote a short pacifist story entitled The War Prayer, which makes the point that humanism and Christianity's preaching of love are incompatible with the conduct of war. It was submitted to Harper's Bazaar for publication, but on March 22, 1905 the magazine rejected the story as "not quite suited to a woman's magazine." Eight days later, HP Pavilion dv6-2147es Laptop CPU Fan
Twain wrote to his friend Daniel Carter Beard, to whom he had read the story, "I don't think the prayer will be published in my time. None but the dead are permitted to tell the truth." Because he had an exclusive contract with Harper & Brothers, IBM ThinkPad T43P-2668 Laptop CPU Fan
Twain could not publish The War Prayer elsewhere; it remained unpublished until 1923. It was republished as campaigning material by Vietnam War protesters.[29]
Twain acknowledged he originally sympathized with the more moderate Girondins of the French Revolution and then shifted his sympathies to the more radicalSansculottes, Toshiba Satellite P505D-S8930 Laptop CPU Fan
indeed identifying as "a Marat." Twain supported the revolutionaries in Russia against the reformists, arguing that the Tsar must be got rid of, by violent means, because peaceful ones would not work.[80] He summed up his views of revolutions in the following statement: Dell Latitude E6510 Laptop CPU Fan
As counterpoint, Twain's essay on "The Literary Offenses of Fenimore Cooper" offers a much kinder view of Indians.[65] "No, other Indians would have noticed these things, but Cooper's Indians never notice anything. Cooper thinks they are marvelous creatures for noticing, but he was almost always in error about his Indians. HP Pavilion dv7-3125eo Laptop CPU Fan
There was seldom a sane one among them."[86] In his later travelogue Following the Equator (1897), Twain observes that in colonized lands all over the world, "savages" have always been wronged by "whites" in the most merciless ways, TOSHIBA UDQFRZH05C1N Laptop CPU Fan
such as "robbery, humiliation, and slow, slow murder, through poverty and the white man's whiskey"; his conclusion is that "there are many humorous things in this world; among them the white man's notion that he is less savage than the other savages."[87]
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His "Votes for Women" speech, in which he pressed for the granting of voting rights to women, is considered one of the most famous in history.[88]
Helen Keller benefited from Twain's support, as she pursued her college education and publishing, despite her disabilities and financial limitations. HP Pavilion dv6-3058sg Laptop CPU Fan
Although Twain was a Presbyterian, he was sometimes critical of organized religion and certain elements of Christianity through his later life. He wrote, for example, "Faith is believing what you know ain't so," HP Pavilion dv5-1058eo Laptop CPU Fan
and "If Christ were here now there is one thing he would not be—a Christian."[92] Nonetheless, as a mature adult he engaged in religious discussions and attended services, his theology developing as he wrestled with the deaths of loved ones and his own mortality.[93]His own experiences and suffering within his family made him particularly critical of "faith healing," such as espoused by Mary Baker Eddy and Christian Science.[citation needed] SONY UDQF2PH52CF0 Laptop CPU Fan
Twain generally avoided publishing his most heretical opinions on religion in his lifetime, and they are known from essays and stories that were published later. In the essay Three Statements of the Eighties in the 1880s, Twain stated that he believed in an almighty God, but not in any messages, ACER Aspire 7720 Series Laptop CPU Fan
revelations, holy scriptures such as the Bible, Providence, or retribution in the afterlife. He did state that "the goodness, the justice, and the mercy of God are manifested in His works," but also that "the universe is governed by strict and immutable laws," which determine "small matters," such as who dies in a pestilence.[94] Sony PCG-GRT715M Laptop CPU Fan
At other times he wrote or spoke in ways that contradicted a strict deist view, for example, plainly professing a belief in Providence.[95] In some later writings in the 1890s, he was less optimistic about the goodness of God, observing that "if our Maker is all-powerful for good or evil, He is not in His right mind." Toshiba Satellite M70-122 Laptop CPU Fan
At other times, he conjectured sardonically that perhaps God had created the world with all its tortures for some purpose of His own, but was otherwise indifferent to humanity, which was too petty and insignificant to deserve His attention anyway.[96]
Main article: Twain-Ament Indemnities Controversy HP 608772-001 Laptop CPU Fan
In 1901 Twain criticized the actions of missionary Dr. William Scott Ament (1851–1909) because Ament and other missionaries had collected indemnities from Chinese subjects in the aftermath of the Boxer Uprising of 1900. Dell Vostro 3450 Laptop CPU Fan
Twain's response to hearing of Ament's methods was published in the North American Review in February 1901: To the Person Sitting in Darkness, and deals with examples of imperialism in China, South Africa, and with the U.S. occupation of the Philippines.[97] Dell Vostro 3500 Laptop CPU Fan
A subsequent article, "To My Missionary Critics" published in The North American Review in April 1901, unapologetically continues his attack, but with the focus shifted from Ament to his missionary superiors, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.[98] HP Pavilion dv6-3178ee Laptop Keyboard
After his death, Twain's family suppressed some of his work that was especially irreverent toward conventional religion, notably Letters from the Earth, HP Envy 15 Laptop Keyboard
which was not published until his daughter Clara reversed her position in 1962 in response to Soviet propaganda about the withholding.[99] The anti-religious The Mysterious Stranger was published in 1916. Little Bessie, a story ridiculing Christianity, was first published in the 1972 collection Mark Twain's Fables of Man.[100] HP Pavilion DV3000 Laptop Keyboard
Despite these views, he raised money to build a Presbyterian Church in Nevada in 1864, although it has been argued that it was only by his association with his Presbyterian brother that he did that.[101] HP G62-450SV Laptop Keyboard
Twain created a reverent portrayal of Joan of Arc, a subject over which he had obsessed for forty years, studied for a dozen years and spent two years writing.[102] In 1900 and again in 1908, he stated, "I like Joan of Arc best of all my books, it is the best." [102][103] HP Pavilion DV7-3065dx Laptop Keyboard
Those who knew Twain well late in life recount that he dwelt on the subject of the afterlife, his daughter Clara saying: "Sometimes he believed death ended everything, but most of the time he felt sure of a life beyond."[104] SAMSUNG NP-Q320-FS01UK Laptop Keyboard
Twain's frankest views on religion appeared in his final work Autobiography of Mark Twain, the publication of which started in November 2010, 100 years after his death. In it, he said:[105]
Twain used different pen names before deciding on "'Mark Twain". He signed humorous and imaginative sketches as "Josh" until 1863. Additionally, he used the pen name "Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass" for a series of humorous letters.[108] DELL Vostro 1015 Laptop Keyboard
He maintained that his primary pen name came from his years working on Mississippi riverboats, where two fathoms, a depth indicating safe water for passage of boat, was measured on the sounding line. Twain is an archaic term for "two", HP 535438-001 Laptop CPU Fan
as in "The veil of the temple was rent in twain." [109] The riverboatman's cry was "mark twain" or, more fully, "by the mark twain", meaning "according to the mark [on the line], [the depth is] two [fathoms]," that is, "The water is 12 feet (3.7 m) deep and it is safe to pass."
Twain claimed that his famous pen name was not entirely his invention. In Life on the Mississippi, he wrote: HP 637607-001 Laptop CPU Fan
Captain Isaiah Sellers was not of literary turn or capacity, but he used to jot down brief paragraphs of plain practical information about the river, and sign them "MARK TWAIN," and give them to the New Orleans Picayune. HP 622028-001 Laptop CPU Fan
They related to the stage and condition of the river, and were accurate and valuable; ... At the time that the telegraph brought the news of his death, I was on the Pacific coast. I was a fresh new journalist, and needed a nom de guerre; HP Pavilion dv7-4139eo Laptop CPU Fan
so I confiscated the ancient mariner's discarded one, and have done my best to make it remain what it was in his hands – a sign and symbol and warrant that whatever is found in its company may be gambled on as being the petrified truth; how I have succeeded, it would not be modest in me to say.[110] HP Pavilion dv7t-6100 CTO Laptop CPU Fan
Twain's story about his pen name has been questioned by biographer George Williams III,[111] the Territorial Enterprise newspaper,[112] and Purdue University's Paul Fatout.[113] The claim is that "mark twain" refers to a running bar tab that Twain would regularly incur while drinking at John Piper's saloon in Virginia City, Nevada. Toshiba AB7005HX-SB3 Laptop CPU Fan
Twain's legacy lives on today as his namesakes continue to multiply. Several schools are named after him, including Mark Twain Elementary School in Wheeling, Illinois and Mark Twain Elementary School in Houston, Texas, which has a statue of Twain sitting on a bench. HP Pavilion dv7-6b55dx Laptop CPU Fan
There is also Mark Twain Intermediate School in New York. There are several schools named Mark Twain Middle School in different states, as well as Samuel Clemens High School in Schertz, near San Antonio, Texas. There are also other structures, such as the Mark Twain Memorial Bridge. HP Pavilion dv5-1145ev Laptop CPU Fan
Mark Twain Village is a United States Army installation located in the Südstadt district of Heidelberg, Germany. It is one of two American bases in the United States Army Garrison Heidelberg that house American soldiers and their families (the other being Patrick Henry Village).
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In 1998, The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts created the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor, awarded annually. The Mark Twain Award is an award given annually to a book for children in grades four through eight by the Missouri Association of School Librarians. Stetson University in DeLand, HP G72-b60US Laptop Keyboard
Florida sponsors the Mark Twain Young Authors' Workshop each summer in collaboration with the Mark Twain Boyhood Home & Museum in Hannibal. The program is open to young authors in grades five through eight.[114] The museum sponsors the Mark Twain Creative Teaching Award.[115] SONY 148084122 Laptop Keyboard
Buildings associated with Twain, including some of his many homes, have been preserved as museums. His birthplace is preserved in Florida, Missouri. The Mark Twain Boyhood Home & Museum in Hannibal, HP 550 Laptop Keyboard
Missouri preserves the setting for some of the author's best known work. The home of childhood friend Laura Hawkins, said to be the inspiration for his fictional character Becky Thatcher, is preserved as the "Thatcher House." In May 2007, Lenovo Thinkpad T520 Laptop Keyboard
a painstaking reconstruction of the home of Tom Blankenship, the inspiration for Huckleberry Finn, was opened to the public. The family home he had built in Hartford, Connecticut, where he and his wife raised their three daughters, is preserved and open to visitors as the Mark Twain House. HP Pavilion DV6-1199eg Laptop Keyboard
Asteroid 2362 Mark Twain was named after him.
On December 4, 1985, the United States Postal Service issued a stamped envelope for "Mark Twain and Halley's Comet," noting the connection with Twain's birth, his death, and the comet.[116] On June 25, 2011, the Postal Service released a Forever stamp in his honor.[117]
Depictions FUJITSU Lifebook T4220 Laptop Keyboard
Main article: Mark Twain in popular culture
Twain is often depicted wearing a white suit. While there is evidence that suggests that, after Livy's death in 1904, Twain began wearing white suits on the lecture circuit, modern representations suggesting that he wore them throughout his life are unfounded. However, there is evidence of him wearing a white suit before 1904. TOSHIBA Satellite m505-s4945 Laptop Keyboard
In 1882, he sent a photograph of himself in a white suit to 18-year-old Edward W. Bok, later publisher of the Ladies Home Journal, with a handwritten dated note on verso. It did eventually become his trademark, DELL PVDG3 Laptop Keyboard
as illustrated in anecdotes about this eccentricity (such as the time he wore a white summer suit to a Congressional hearing during the winter).[37] McMasters' The Mark Twain Encyclopedia states that Twain did not wear a white suit in his last three years, except at one banquet speech.[118] DELL Studio 1458 Laptop Keyboard
Actor Hal Holbrook created a one-man show called Mark Twain Tonight, which he has performed regularly for about 59 years.[119] The broadcast by CBS in 1967 won him an Emmy Award. Of the three runs on Broadway (1966, 1977, and 2005), the first won him a Tony Award. ACER Aspire 7520 Laptop Keyboard
Twain was portrayed by Fredric March in the 1944 film The Adventures of Mark Twain. He was later brought to life by James Whitmore in the (similarly titled) 1985 Will Vinton Claymation film The Adventures of Mark Twain. In the two-part Star Trek: The Next Generation episode, "Time's Arrow Pt. 1 & 2",DELL Precision M4500 Laptop Keyboard
the crew of the starship Enterprise pursues malevolent alien lifeforms through a time portal to 1893 San Francisco, where their secretive actions arouse the suspicions of Samuel Clemens as played by Jerry Hardin. SONY VAIO VGN-AR825E Laptop Keyboard
Folklore indicates that the town got its name from a man named James Finney who was nicknamed "Old Virginy".[4] Finney was credited with discovering the Comstock Lode. His real name was James Fennimore, and he had fled his home state ofVirginia after killing a man.[citation needed] DELL INSPIRON 1464 Laptop Keyboard
Like many cities and towns in the state, Virginia City was a mining boomtown; it appeared virtually overnight as a result of the Comstock Lode silver strike of 1859. At its peak, Virginia City had a population of over 15,000 HP 636376-001 Laptop Keyboard
residents and was called the richest city in America.[5] During the 20 years following the Comstock success "about $400 million was taken out of the ground."[6] Most of the miners who came to the city were Cornish or Irish.[7] In 1870, Asians were 7.6% of the population.[8] When the Comstock Lode ran out in 1898, the city's population declined sharply.[citation needed] TOSHIBA NSK-TBD01 Laptop Keyboard
Mining operations were hindered by extreme temperatures in the mines caused by natural hot springs. The miners would snowshoe to work and then descend into the high temperatures. This contributed to a low life expectancy. SONY VAIO VGN-FS710/W laptop keyboard
Adolph Sutro built the Sutro Tunnel in support of the mining operations. The tunnel drained the water to the valley below (Dayton). Conceived in 1860, it was not completed until many years later, after much of the silver had been mined. ACER TravelMate 6292 Laptop Keyboard
Virginia City could be considered the "birthplace" of Mark Twain, as it was here in February 1863[11] that writer Samuel Clemens, then a reporter on the local Territorial Enterprisenewspaper, first used his famous pen name.[12] ACER TravelMate 6292 laptop keyboard
Virginia City historical documents state that Clemens was mugged on November 10, 1863, as he walked over the hill from the south while returning to Virginia City. The muggers relieved Clemens of his watch and his money. The robbery turns out to have been a practical joke played on Clemens by his friends, to give him material to write about. HP 633183-001 laptop keyboard
He did not appreciate the joke, but he did retrieve his belongings—particularly his gold watch (worth $300), which had great sentimental value.[13] Clemens mentions the incident in his book Roughing It (published Feb. 1872), HP Pavilion dv6-3208tu laptop keyboard
apparently still sore about it. The Mississippi River is the chief river of the largest drainage system in North America.[3][4] Flowing entirely in the United States (though its drainage basin reaches into Canada), HP Pavilion dv5-1111ea laptop keyboard
it rises in northern Minnesota and meandersslowly southwards for 2,340 miles (3,770 km)[4] to the Mississippi River Delta at the Gulf of Mexico. With its many tributaries, the Mississippi's watershed drains all or parts of 31 US states and 2 Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains. ACER TravelMate 3020 laptop keyboard
The Mississippi ranks as the fourth longest and tenth largest river in the world. The river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois,Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. SAMSUNG Q320 laptop keyboard
Native Americans long lived along the Mississippi and its tributaries. Most were hunter-gatherers or herders, but some, such as the Mound builders, formed prolific agricultural societies. The arrival of Europeans in the 1500s changed the native way of life as first explorers, then settlers, HP Pavilion dv3-2155mx laptop keyboard
ventured into the basin in increasing numbers. The river served first as a barrier – forming borders for New Spain, New France, and the early United States – then as a vital transportation artery and communications link. HP Pavilion dv3-2106tu Laptop Keyboard
In the 19th century, during the height of Manifest Destiny, the Mississippi and several western tributaries, most notably the Missouri, formed pathways for the western expansion of the United States. SONY VAIO VGN-CS110E/R Laptop Keyboard
Formed from thick layers of this river's silt deposits, the Mississippi River Valley is one of the most fertile agricultural regions of the country, which resulted in the river's storied steamboat era. During the American Civil War, HP G62-223CL Laptop Keyboard
the Mississippi's capture by Union forces marked a turning point towards victory because of the river's importance as a route of trade and travel, not least to the Confederacy. Because of substantial growth of cities and the larger ships and barges that supplanted riverboats, HP Pavilion dv6-2020sa Laptop Keyboard
the decades following the 1900s saw the construction of massive engineering works such as levees, locks and dams, often built in combination.
Since modern development of the basin began, the Mississippi has also seen its share of pollution and environmental problems – most notably large volumes of agricultural runoff, which has led to the Gulf of Mexico dead zone off the Delta. TOSHIBA NSK-T4701 Laptop Keyboard
In recent years, the river has shown a steady shift towards the Atchafalaya Riverchannel in the Delta; a course change would prove disastrous to seaports such as New Orleans. While a system of dikes and gates has held the Mississippi in its current channel to date, the shift becomes more likely each year due to fluvial processes. DELL NSK-D5A01 Laptop Keyboard
The word itself comes from Messipi, the French rendering of the Anishinaabe (Ojibwe or Algonquin) name for the river, Misi-ziibi (Great River). See below inHistory section for additional information. Lenovo Thinkpad T420 Laptop Keyboard
In addition to historical traditions shown by names, there are at least two other measures of a river's identity, one being the largest branch (by water volume), and the other being the longest branch. GATEWAY M-1628 Laptop Keyboard
Using the largest-branch criterion, the Ohio (not the Middle and Upper Mississippi) would be the main branch of the Lower Mississippi. Using the longest-branch criterion, the Middle Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson-Beaverhead-Red Rock-Hellroaring Creek River would be the main branch. HP 605344-001 Laptop Keyboard
According to either school of thought, the Upper Mississippi from Lake Itasca, Minnesota to St. Louis, despite its name, would only be a secondary tributary of the final river flowing from Cairo to the Gulf of Mexico. SONY 148084721 Laptop Keyboard
While the Missouri River, flowing from the confluence of the Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin Rivers to the Mississippi, is the longest continuously named river in the United States,[4] the serially named river known sequentially as Hellroaring Creek, Red Rock, Beaverhead, Jefferson, Missouri, ASUS X53S laptop keyboard
Middle Mississippi, and Lower Mississippi, as one continuous waterway, is the longest river in North America and the third or fourth longest river in the world. Its length of at least 3,745 mi (6,027 km)[citation needed] is exceeded only by the Nile, the Amazon,[5] and perhaps the Yangtze River[6] Lenovo 45N2071 laptop keyboard
among the longest rivers in the world. The source of this waterway is at Brower's Spring, 8,800 feet (2,700 m) above sea level in southwestern Montana, along the Continental Divide outside Yellowstone National Park. ASUS F3F laptop keyboard
The Mississippi River is widely considered a convenient if approximate dividing line between the Eastern, Southern, and Midwestern United States and the Western U.S., as exemplified by the Gateway Arch in St. Louis and the phrase "Trans-Mississippi", used for example in the name of the 1898 Trans-Mississippi Expositionheld in Omaha, Nebraska. DELL V110546AS1 laptop keyboard
From its origin at Lake Itasca to St. Louis, Missouri, the waterway's flow is moderated by 43 dams. Fourteen of these dams are located above Minneapolis in the headwaters region and serve multiple purposes, including power generation and recreation. The remaining 29 dams, beginning in downtown Minneapolis, HP Mini 210-2012sq laptop keyboard
all contain locks and were constructed to improve commercial navigation of the upper river. Taken as a whole these 43 dams significantly shape the geography and influence the ecology of the upper river. Beginning just below Saint Paul, ACER Aspire 4315 laptop keyboard
Minnesota, and continuing throughout the upper and lower river, the Mississippi is further controlled by thousands of wing dikes that moderate the river's flow in order to maintain an open navigation channel and prevent the river from eroding its banks. ACER Aspire 5612 laptop keyboard
The head of navigation on the Mississippi is the Coon Rapids Dam in Coon Rapids, Minnesota. Before its construction in 1913, steamboats could occasionally go upstream as far as Saint Cloud, Minnesota, depending on river conditions. HP Pavilion DV7-3160us laptop keyboard
The uppermost lock and dam on the Upper Mississippi River is the Upper St. Anthony Falls Lock and Dam in Minneapolis. Above the dam, the river's elevation is 799 feet (244 m). Below the dam, the river's elevation is 750 feet (230 m). HP HDX18-1100 CTO laptop keyboard
This 49-foot (15 m) drop is the largest of all the Mississippi River locks and dams. The origin of the dramatic drop is a waterfall preserved adjacent to the lock under an apron of concrete. Saint Anthony Falls is the only true waterfall on the entire Mississippi River. The water elevation continues to drop steeply as it passes through the gorge carved by the waterfall. HP HDX18-1027CL laptop keyboard
The Upper Mississippi features various natural and artificial lakes, with its widest point being Lake Winnibigoshish, nearGrand Rapids, Minnesota, over 7 miles (11 km) across. Also of note is Lake Onalaska (created by Lock and Dam No. 7), near La Crosse, Wisconsin, HP HDX18-1027CL laptop keyboard
over 4 miles (6.4 km) wide. On the other hand, Lake Pepin is natural, formed due to the delta formed by the Chippewa River of Wisconsin as it enters the Upper Mississippi; it is more than 2 miles (3.2 km) wide.[8] Lenovo 63Y0011 laptop keyboard
By the time the Upper Mississippi reaches Saint Paul, Minnesota, below Lock and Dam No. 1, it has dropped more than half its original elevation and is 687 feet (209 m) above sea level. From St. Paul to St. Louis, Missouri, the river elevation falls much more slowly, and is controlled and managed as a series of pools created by 26 locks and dams.[9] FUJITSU CP270342-02 laptop keyboard
The Upper Mississippi River is joined by the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling in the Twin Cities; the St. Croix River nearPrescott, Wisconsin; the Cannon River near Red Wing, Minnesota; the Zumbro River at Wabasha, Minnesota; the Black, La Crosse, and Root rivers in La Crosse, Wisconsin; the Wisconsin River at Prairie du Chien, DELL Vostro 3700 laptop keyboard
Wisconsin; the Rock River at theQuad Cities; the Iowa River near Wapello, Iowa; the Skunk River south of Burlington, Iowa; and the Des Moines River at Keokuk, Iowa. Other major tributaries of the Upper Mississippi include the Crow River in Minnesota, the Chippewa River in Wisconsin, HP Pavilion dv5-1215ee laptop keyboard
the Maquoketa River and the Wapsipinicon River in Iowa, and the Big Muddy River and Illinois River.
The Upper Mississippi is largely a multi-thread stream with many bars and islands. From its confluence with the St. Croix River downstream to Dubuque, Iowa, the river is entrenched, with high bedrock bluffs lying on either side. HP Pavilion dv6-2020ev laptop keyboard
The height of these bluffs decreases to the south of Dubuque, though they are still significant through Savanna, Illinois. This topography contrasts strongly with the Lower Mississippi, which is a meandering river in a broad, flat area, only rarely flowing alongside a bluff (as at Vicksburg, Mississippi). SONY VAIO VGN-SZ120P laptop keyboard
The Upper Mississippi River is home to over 119 species of fish. Some fish include; walleye, sauger, large mouth bass, small mouth bass, and white bass. Northern pike, bluegill and crappie also reside in the Upper Mississippi River. Packard Bell Easynote TK85 laptop keyboard
Other fish like channel catfish, flathead catfish, carp, the common shiner, freshwater drum, paddlefish and shovelnose sturgeon also live in these upper Mississippi waters.[10] [11] ACER Aspire 3002LCi laptop keyboard
The Mississippi River is known as the Middle Mississippi from the Upper Mississippi River's confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis, Missouri, for 190 miles (310 km) to its confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo, Illinois.[12][13] DELL Inspiron N4050 laptop keyboard
The Middle Mississippi is a relatively free-flowing river. From St. Louis to the Ohio River confluence, the Middle Mississippi falls a total of 220 feet (67 m) over a distance of 180 miles (290 km) for an average rate of 1.2 feet per mile (23 cm/km). ACER Extensa 5635Z laptop keyboard
At its confluence with the Ohio River, the Middle Mississippi is 315 feet (96 m) above sea level. Apart from the Missouri and Meramec rivers of Missouri and the Kaskaskia River of Illinois, no major tributaries enter the Middle Mississippi River. HP Mini 210-2002sl laptop keyboard
Mississippi's primary branch is the Ohio River. At the confluence of the Ohio and the Middle Mississippi, the Ohio is the bigger river, with its long-term mean discharge at Cairo, Illinois being 281,500 cu ft/s (7,970 m3/s),[14] Lenovo 3000 Y500 laptop keyboard
while the long-term mean discharge of the Mississippi at Thebes, Illinois (just upriver from Cairo) is 208,200 cu ft/s (5,900 m3/s).[15]Thus, by volume, the main branch of the Mississippi River system at Cairo can be considered to be the Ohio River (and theAllegheny River further upstream), rather than the Middle Mississippi. HP 640436-001 laptop keyboard
In addition to the Ohio River, the major tributaries of the Lower Mississippi River are the White River, flowing in at theWhite River National Wildlife Refuge in east central Arkansas; the Arkansas River, joining the Mississippi at Arkansas Post; the Big Black River in Mississippi; the Yazoo River, SONY VGN-FE855E/H laptop keyboard
meeting the Mississippi at Vicksburg, Mississippi; and the Red River in Louisiana. The widest point of the Mississippi River is in the Lower Mississippi portion where it exceeds 1 mile (1.6 km) in width in several places. SONY VAIO VGN NR430E laptop keyboard
Deliberate water diversion at the Old River Control Structure in Louisiana allows the Atchafalaya River in Louisiana to be a major distributary of the Mississippi River, with 30% of the Mississippi flowing to the Gulf of Mexico by this route, rather than continuing down the Mississippi's current channel pastBaton Rouge and New Orleans on a longer route to the Gulf.[16][17][18] SONY VAIO VGN-SZ120P laptop keyboard
In the United States, the Mississippi River drains the majority of the area between crest of the Rocky Mountains and the crest of the Appalachian Mountains, except for various regions drained to Hudson Bay by the Red River of the North; SONY VAIO VGN-FS415M laptop keyboard
to the Atlantic Ocean by the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River; and to the Gulf of Mexico by the Rio Grande, the Alabama andTombigbee rivers, the Chattahoochee and Appalachicola rivers, and various smaller coastal waterways along the Gulf. ASUS X53S laptop keyboard
The Mississippi River empties into the Gulf of Mexico about 100 miles (160 km) downstream from New Orleans. Measurements of the length of the Mississippi from Lake Itasca to the Gulf of Mexico vary somewhat, but the United States Geological Survey's number is 2,340 miles (3,770 km). The retention time from Lake Itasca to the Gulf is typically about 90 days.[19] ASUS F3F laptop keyboard
The Mississippi River discharges at an annual average rate of between 200 and 700 thousand cubic feet per second (7,000–20,000 m3/s).[20] Although it is the 5th largest river in the world by volume, this flow is a mere fraction of the output ofthe Amazon, which moves nearly 7 million cubic feet per second (200,000 m3/s) during wet seasons. On average, the Mississippi has only 8% the flow of the Amazon River.[21] Lenovo 0A62075 laptop keyboard
Fresh river water flowing from the Mississippi into the Gulf of Mexico does not mix into the salt water immediately. The images from NASA's MODIS (to the right) show a large plume of fresh water, which appears as a dark ribbon against the lighter-blue surrounding waters. HP Pavilion dv7-6020ev Laptop CPU Fan
These images demonstrate that the plume did not mix with the surrounding sea water immediately. Instead, it stayed intact as it flowed through the Gulf of Mexico, into the Straits of Florida, and entered theGulf Stream. DELL Precision M6400 Series Laptop CPU Fan
The Mississippi River water rounded the tip of Florida and traveled up the southeast coast to the latitude ofGeorgia before finally mixing in so thoroughly with the ocean that it could no longer be detected by MODIS. ACER Aspire 3002NLC Laptop CPU Fan
Prior to 1900, the Mississippi River transported an estimated 400 million metric tons of sediment per year from the interior of the United States to coastal Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico. During the last two decades, SONY Vaio VGN-FS415M Laptop CPU Fan
this number was only 145 million metric tons per year. The reduction in sediment transported down the Mississippi River is the result of engineering modification of the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio rivers and their tributaries by dams, meander cutoffs, river-training structures, and bank revetments and soil erosion control programs in the areas drained by them.[22] HP AB5205HB-EBB Laptop CPU Fan
HP KSB06105HA Laptop CPU Fan
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Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910),[1] better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. He wrote The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885),[2] the latter often called "the Great American Novel." SAMSUNG Q320 laptop keyboard
Twain grew up in Hannibal, Missouri, which provided the setting for Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer. After an apprenticeship with a printer, he worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to the newspaper of his older brotherOrion Clemens. He later became a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion in Nevada. HP Pavilion DV7-3180us laptop keyboard
He referred humorously to his singular lack of success at mining, turning to journalism for the Virginia CityTerritorial Enterprise.[3] In 1865, his humorous story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County," was published, based on a story he heard at Angels Hotel in Angels Camp, California, HP 496878-001 laptop keyboard
where he had spent some time as a miner. The short story brought international attention, and was even translated into classic Greek.[4] His wit and satire, in prose and in speech, earned praise from critics and peers, and he was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty.
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Though Twain earned a great deal of money from his writings and lectures, he invested in ventures that lost a great deal of money, notably the Paige Compositor, which failed because of its complexity and imprecision. SONY VAIO VGN-FZ19VN laptop keyboard
In the wake of these financial setbacks, he filed for protection from his creditors via bankruptcy, and with the help of Henry Huttleston Rogers eventually overcame his financial troubles. Twain chose to pay all his pre-bankruptcy creditors in full, though he had no legal responsibility to do so. SONY Vaio VGN-AW190JAH laptop keyboard
Twain was born shortly after a visit by Halley's Comet, and he predicted that he would "go out with it," too. He died the day following the comet's subsequent return. He was lauded as the "greatest American humorist of his age,"[5] andWilliam Faulkner called Twain "the father of American literature."[6] Lenovo 0A62075 laptop keyboard
Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born in Florida, Missouri, on November 30, 1835. He was the son of Jane (née Lampton; 1803–1890), a native of Kentucky, and John Marshall Clemens (1798–1847), a Virginian by birth. His parents met when his father moved to Missouri and were married several years later, in 1823.[7][8] SONY VAIO VGN-N21Z/W laptop keyboard
He was the sixth of seven children, but only three of his siblings survived childhood: his brother Orion (1825–1897), Henry, who died in a riverboat explosion (1838–1858), and Pamela (1827–1904). His sister Margaret (1833–1839) DELL NSK-DB301 laptop keyboard
died when he was three, and his brother Benjamin (1832–1842) died three years later. Another brother, Pleasant (1828–1829), died at six months.[9] Twain was born two weeks after the closest approach to Earth of Halley's Comet. TOSHIBA Satellite P100-387 laptop keyboard
When he was four, Twain's family moved to Hannibal, Missouri,[10] a port town on the Mississippi River that inspired the fictional town of St. Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.[11] Lenovo 3000 G530 4151 laptop keyboard
Missouri was a slave state and young Twain became familiar with the institution of slavery, a theme he would later explore in his writing. Twain's father was an attorney and judge.[12] The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad was organized in his office in 1846. SONY VAIO VGN-FS760/W laptop keyboard
The railroad connected the second and third largest cities in the state and was the westernmost United States railroad until the completion of theTranscontinental Railroad. It delivered mail to and from the Pony Express.[13] Lenovo 3000 Y500 laptop keyboard
In 1847, when Twain was 11, his father died of pneumonia.[14] The next year, he became a printer's apprentice. In 1851, he began working as a typesetter and contributor of articles and humorous sketches for the Hannibal Journal, a newspaper owned by his brother Orion. When he was 18, SONY VAIO VGN-FS215B laptop keyboard
he left Hannibal and worked as a printer in New York City, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Cincinnati. He joined the newly formed International Typographical Union, the printers union, and educated himself in public libraries in the evenings, HP Mini 110-3014tu laptop keyboard
finding wider information than at a conventional school.[15] Clemens came from St. Louis on the packet Keokuk in 1854[16] and lived in Muscatine during part of the summer of 1855. The Muscatine newspaper published eight stories, which amounted to almost 6,000 words.[17] SONY VAIO VGN-C2S Series laptop keyboard
On a voyage to New Orleans down the Mississippi, steamboat pilot Horace E. Bixby inspired Twain to become a pilot himself. As Twain observed in Life on the Mississippi, the pilot surpassed a steamboat's captain in prestige and authority; it was a rewarding occupation with wages set at $250 per month.[18] HP 606575-001 CPU Fan
A steamboat pilot needed to know the ever-changing river to be able to stop at the hundreds of ports and wood-lots. Twain studied 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of the Mississippi for more than two years before he received his steamboat pilot license in 1859. This occupation gave him his pen name, Mark Twain, from "mark twain," SONY Vaio VGN-NW11Z/T CPU Fan
the cry for a measured river depth of two fathoms. While training, Samuel convinced his younger brother Henry to work with him. Henry was killed on June 21, 1858, when the steamboat he was working on, the Pennsylvania, exploded. HP Pavilion dv8380us CPU Fan
Twain had foreseen this death in a dream a month earlier,[19]:275 which inspired his interest in parapsychology; he was an early member of the Society for Psychical Research.[20] Twain was guilt-stricken and held himself responsible for the rest of his life. He continued to work on the river and was a river pilot until the American Civil War broke out in 1861 and traffic along the Mississippi was curtailed. HP Pavilion dv7t-6100 CTO CPU Fan
At the start of the Civil War, Twain enlisted briefly in a Confederate local unit. He then left for Nevada to work for his brother, a senior official in the Federal government.[21] Twain later wrote a sketch, "The Private History of a Campaign That Failed," which told how he and his friends had been Confederate volunteers for two weeks before disbanding their company.[22] SONY VGN-FE28B laptop keyboard
Twain joined Orion, who in 1861 became secretary to James W. Nye, the governor of Nevada Territory, and headed west. Twain and his brother traveled more than two weeks on a stagecoach across the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains, visiting theMormon community in Salt Lake City. ASUS X85S laptop keyboard
Twain's journey ended in the silver-mining town of Virginia City, Nevada, where he became a miner on the Comstock Lode.[22] Twain failed as a miner and worked at a Virginia City newspaper, the Territorial Enterprise.[23] SONY Vaio PCG-K23 laptop keyboard
Working under writer and friend Dan DeQuille, here he first used his pen name. On February 3, 1863, he signed a humorous travel account"Letter From Carson – re: Joe Goodman; party at Gov. Johnson's; music" with "Mark Twain."[24]
Further information: Mark Twain in Nevada ACER TravelMate 6292 laptop keyboard
His experiences in the American West inspired Roughing It and his experiences in Angels Camp, California in Calaveras County provided material for "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County". GATEWAY V021646BS1 laptop keyboard
Twain moved to San Francisco, California in 1864, still as a journalist. He met writers such as Bret Harte and Artemus Ward. The young poet Ina Coolbrith may have romanced him.[25]
His first success as a writer came when his humorous tall tale, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County," was published in a New York weekly, DELL Latitude D510 laptop keyboard
The Saturday Press, on November 18, 1865. It brought him national attention. A year later, he traveled to the Sandwich Islands (present-day Hawaii) as a reporter for the Sacramento Union. His travelogues were popular and became the basis for his first lectures.[26] ACER Aspire 4315 laptop keyboard
In 1867, a local newspaper funded a trip to the Mediterranean. During his tour of Europe and the Middle East, he wrote a popular collection of travel letters, which were later compiled as The Innocents Abroad in 1869. It was on this trip that he met his future brother-in-law, Charles Langdon. Both were passengers aboard the Quaker City on their way to the Holy Land. ACER TravelMate 6292 laptop keyboard
Langdon showed a picture of his sister Olivia to Twain; Twain claimed to have fallen in love at first sight.
Upon returning to the United States, Twain was offered honorary membership in the secret society Scroll and Key of Yale University in 1868.[27] Its devotion to "fellowship, moral and literary self-improvement, and charity" suited him well. DELL NSK-DB301 laptop keyboard
Throughout 1868, Twain and Olivia Langdon corresponded but she rejected his first marriage proposal. Two months later, they were engaged. In February 1870, Twain and Langdon were married in Elmira, Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E520 laptop keyboard
New York,[26] where he had courted her and overcome her father's initial reluctance.[28] She came from a "wealthy but liberal family," and through her he metabolitionists, "socialists, principled atheists and activists for women's rights and social equality," LENOVO IdeaPad S10 20015 laptop keyboard
including Harriet Beecher Stowe (his next-door neighbor in Hartford, Connecticut), Frederick Douglass, and the writer and utopian socialistWilliam Dean Howells,[29] who became a long-time friend. The couple lived in Buffalo, New York from 1869 to 1871. HP 535766-001 CPU Fan
Twain owned a stake in the Buffalo Express newspaper and worked as an editor and writer. While living in Buffalo, their son Langdon died of diphtheria at age 19 months. They had three daughters: Susy (1872–1896), Clara (1874–1962)[30] and Jean(1880–1909). The couple's marriage lasted 34 years, until Olivia's death in 1904. All of the Clemens family are buried in Elmira's Woodlawn Cemetery. HP Pavilion dv6-2110ea CPU Fan
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Twain moved his family to Hartford, Connecticut, where starting in 1873 he arranged the building of a home (local admirers saved it from demolition in 1927 and eventually turned it into a museum focused on him). In the 1870s and 1880s, Toshiba Satellite A100-644 CPU Fan
Twain and his family summered at Quarry Farm, the home of Olivia's sister, Susan Crane.[31][32] In 1874,[31] Susan had a study built apart from the main house so that her brother-in-law would have a quiet place in which to write. HP Pavilion dv6-3163eo CPU Fan
Also, Twain smoked pipes constantly, and Susan Crane did not wish him to do so in her house. During his seventeen years in Hartford (1874–1891) and over twenty summers at Quarry Farm, Twain wrote many of his classic novels, among them The Adventures of Tom Sawyer(1876), The Prince and the Pauper (1881), Life on the Mississippi (1883), Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885) and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889). TOSHIBA UDQFRZH05C1N CPU Fan
Twain made a second tour of Europe, described in the 1880 book A Tramp Abroad. His tour included a stay in Heidelberg from May 6 until July 23, 1878, and a visit to London.
Twain was fascinated with science and scientific inquiry. He developed a close and lasting friendship with Nikola Tesla, and the two spent much time together in Tesla's laboratory. Toshiba Satellite L500-208 CPU Fan
Twain patented three inventions, including an "Improvement in Adjustable and Detachable Straps for Garments" (to replacesuspenders) and a history trivia game.[33] Most commercially successful was a self-pasting scrapbook; a dried adhesive on the pages only needed to be moistened before use. HP KSB06105HA CPU Fan
This type of storyline would later become a common feature of a science fiction sub-genre, alternate history.
In 1909, Thomas Edison visited Twain at his home in Redding, Connecticut and filmed him. Part of the footage was used in The Prince and the Pauper (1909), a two-reel short film. It is said to have been the only known existing film footage of Twain.[34] APPLE MG62090V1-Q020-S99 CPU Fan
Twain made a substantial amount of money through his writing, but he lost a great deal through investments, mostly in new inventions and technology, particularly the Paige typesetting machine. It was a beautifully engineered mechanical marvel that amazed viewers when it worked, HP KSB06105HA CPU Fan
but it was prone to breakdowns. Twain spent $300,000 (equal to $8,200,000 in inflation-adjusted terms [35]) on it between 1880 and 1894,[36] but before it could be perfected, it was made obsolete by the Linotype. He lost not only the bulk of his book profits but also a substantial portion of his wife's inheritance.[37] HP 489126-001 CPU Fan
Twain also lost money through his publishing house, which enjoyed initial success selling the memoirs of Ulysses S. Grantbut went broke soon after, losing money on a biography of Pope Leo XIII; fewer than two hundred copies were sold.[37] IBM Lenovo ThinkPad X61T CPU Fan
Twain's writings and lectures, combined with the help of a new friend, enabled him to recover financially.[38] In 1893, he began a 15-year-long friendship with financier Henry Huttleston Rogers, a principal of Standard Oil. HP G60-230us CPU Fan
Rogers first made Twain file for bankruptcy. Then Rogers had Twain transfer the copyrights on his written works to his wife, Olivia, to prevent creditors from gaining possession of them. Finally, Rogers took absolute charge of Twain's money until all the creditors were paid. HP Pavilion dv7-1135nr CPU Fan
Twain accepted an offer from Robert Sparrow Smythe[39] and embarked on a year-long, around-the-world lecture tour in July 1895[40] to pay off his creditors in full, although he was no longer under any legal obligation to do so.[41] HP 496878-001 Laptop Keyboard
It would be a long, arduous journey and he was sick much of the time, mostly from a cold and a carbuncle. The itinerary took him toHawaii, Fiji, Australia, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, India, Mauritius, South Africa and England. Twain's three months in India became the centerpiece of his 712-page book Following the Equator. SAMSUNG N150 Laptop Keyboard
He joined the Anti-Imperialist League in 1898, in opposition to the U.S. annexation of the Philippines.[citation needed]
In mid-1900, he was the guest of newspaper proprietor Hugh Gilzean-Reid at Dollis Hill House, located on the north side ofLondon, SONY Vaio VGN-AW Laptop Keyboard
UK. In regard to Dollis Hill, Twain wrote that he had "never seen any place that was so satisfactorily situated, with its noble trees and stretch of country, and everything that went to make life delightful, and all within a biscuit's throw of the metropolis of the world."[42] He then returned to America in 1900, having earned enough to pay off his debts. SONY VAIO VGN-CR150F Laptop Keyboard
Twain was in demand as a featured speaker, performing solo humorous talks similar to what would become stand-up comedy.[43] He gave paid talks to many men's clubs, including the Authors' Club, Beefsteak Club, Vagabonds, HP 441137-001 CPU Fan
White Friars, and Monday Evening Club of Hartford. In the late 1890s, he spoke to the Savage Clubin London and was elected honorary member. When told that only three men had been so honored, including the Prince of Wales, HP G70-467CL CPU Fan
he replied "Well, it must make the Prince feel mighty fine."[44] In 1897, Twain spoke to the Concordia Press Club in Vienna as a special guest, following diplomat Charlemagne Tower, Jr.. In German, to the great amusement of the assemblage, SONY VGN-CS23G CPU Fan
Twain delivered the speech "Die Schrecken der deutschen Sprache" ("The Horrors of the German Language").[45] In 1901, Twain was invited to speak at Princeton University's Cliosophic Literary Society, where he was made an honorary member.[46] HP Pavilion dv7t-6100 CTO CPU Fan
Twain passed through a period of deep depression that began in 1896 when his daughter Susy died ofmeningitis. Olivia's death in 1904 and Jean's on December 24, 1909, deepened his gloom.[48] Dell Vostro 3450 CPU Fan
On May 20, 1909, his close friend Henry Rogers died suddenly. In 1906, Twain began his autobiography in the North American Review. In April, Twain heard that his friend Ina Coolbrith had lost nearly all she owned in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, HP Pavilion dv6-1104ax CPU Fan
and he volunteered a few autographed portrait photographs to be sold for her benefit. To further aid Coolbrith, George Wharton James visited Twain in New York and arranged for a new portrait session. Initially resistant, Twain admitted that four of the resulting images were the finest ones ever taken of him.[49] Toshiba Satellite L350-146 CPU Fan
Twain formed a club in 1906 for girls he viewed as surrogate granddaughters, the Angel Fish and Aquarium Club. The dozen or so members ranged in age from 10 to 16. Twain exchanged letters with his "Angel Fish" girls and invited them to concerts and the theatre and to play games. Twain wrote in 1908 that the club was his "life's chief delight."[50] HP Pavilion dv5-2135dx CPU Fan
In 1907 Twain met Dorothy Quick (then aged 11) on a transatlantic crossing, beginning "a friendship that was to last until the very day of his death".[51]
Oxford University awarded Twain an honorary doctorate in letters (D.Litt.) in 1907. Dell Vostro 3500 CPU Fan
His prediction was accurate—Twain died of a heart attack on April 21, 1910, in Redding, Connecticut, one day after the comet's closest approach to Earth.
Upon hearing of Twain's death, President William Howard Taft said:[53][54] HP Pavilion dv6675us CPU Fan
"Mark Twain gave pleasure – real intellectual enjoyment – to millions, and his works will continue to give such pleasure to millions yet to come ... His humor was American, but he was nearly as much appreciated by Englishmen and people of other countries as by his own countrymen. He has made an enduring part of American literature." HP Pavilion dv7-6180eb CPU Fan
Twain's funeral was at the "Old Brick" Presbyterian Church in New York.[55] He is buried in his wife's family plot atWoodlawn Cemetery in Elmira, New York. The Langdon family plot where he is buried is marked by a 12-foot (two fathoms, or "mark twain")TOSHIBA Satellite L755D-SP5165RM Laptop Keyboard
monument, placed there by his surviving daughter, Clara.[56] There is also a smaller headstone. Although he expressed a preference for cremation (for example in Life on the Mississippi), he acknowledged that his surviving family would have the last word. HP Mini 110-3135dx Laptop Keyboard
Twain began his career writing light, humorous verse, but evolved into a chronicler of the vanities, hypocrisies and murderous acts of mankind. At mid-career, with Huckleberry Finn, he combined rich humor, sturdy narrative and social criticism. SAMSUNG X20 Laptop Keyboard
Twain was a master at rendering colloquial speech and helped to create and popularize a distinctive American literature built on American themes and language. Many of Twain's works have been suppressed at times for various reasons.Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been repeatedly restricted in American high schools, not least for its frequent use of the word "nigger," HP Pavilion G7-1073NR Laptop Keyboard
which was in common usage in the pre-Civil War period in which the novel was set.
A complete bibliography of his works is nearly impossible to compile because of the vast number of pieces written by Twain (often in obscure newspapers) and his use of several different pen names. Additionally, HP G61-336NR Laptop Keyboard
a large portion of his speeches and lectures have been lost or were not written down; thus, the collection of Twain's works is an ongoing process. Researchers rediscovered published material by Twain as recently as 1995.[37] HP 507091-001 Laptop Keyboard
While writing for the Virginia City newspaper, the Territorial Enterprise in 1863, Clemens met lawyer Tom Fitch, editor of the competing newspaper Virginia Daily Union and known as the "silver-tongued orator of the Pacific."[57]:51HP Pavilion DV6-1334ca Laptop Keyboard
He credited Fitch with giving him his "first really profitable lesson" in writing. In 1866, Clemens presented his lecture on the Sandwich Islands to a crowd in Washoe City, Nevada.[58] Clemens commented that, "When I first began to lecture, and in my earlier writings, my sole idea was to make comic capital out of everything I saw and heard." Fitch told him, DELL PVDG3 Laptop Keyboard
"Clemens, your lecture was magnificent. It was eloquent, moving, sincere. Never in my entire life have I listened to such a magnificent piece of descriptive narration. But you committed one unpardonable sin—the unpardonable sin. DELL Vostro 3350 Laptop Keyboard
It is a sin you must never commit again. You closed a most eloquent description, by which you had keyed your audience up to a pitch of the intensest interest, with a piece of atrocious anti-climax which nullified all the really fine effect you had produced."[59] HP Mini 110-3520ca Laptop Keyboard
It was in these days that Twain became a writer of the Sagebrush School, and was known later as the most notable within this literary genre.[60]
Twain's first important work, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County," was first published in the New York Saturday Press on November 18, 1865. HP Pavilion G7-1073NR Laptop Keyboard
The only reason it was published there was that his story arrived too late to be included in a book Artemus Ward was compiling featuring sketches of the wild American West.
After this burst of popularity, the Sacramento Union commissioned Twain to write letters about his travel experiences. The first journey he took for this job was to ride the steamer Ajax in its maiden voyage to Hawaii, referred to at the time as the Sandwich Islands. SAMSUNG NP-Q320-FS01UK Laptop Keyboard
These humorous letters proved the genesis to his work with the San Francisco Alta California newspaper, which designated him a traveling correspondent for a trip from San Francisco to New York City via thePanama isthmus. HP Pavilion DV6-1334ca Laptop Keyboard
All the while, Twain was writing letters meant for publishing back and forth, chronicling his experiences with his burlesque humor. On June 8, 1867, Twain set sail on the pleasure cruiser Quaker City for five months. This trip resulted in The Innocents Abroad or The New Pilgrims' Progress. SONY Vaio VGN-AW Laptop Keyboard
This book is a record of a pleasure trip. If it were a record of a solemn scientific expedition it would have about it the gravity, that profundity, and that impressive incomprehensibility which are so proper to works of that kind, and withal so attractive. Yet not withstanding it is only a record of a picnic, it has a purpose, which is, HP 634139-001 Laptop Keyboard
to suggest to the reader how he would be likely to see Europe and the East if he looked at them with his own eyes instead of the eyes of those who traveled in those countries before him. I make small pretense of showing anyone how he ought to look at objects of interest beyond the sea—other books do that, and therefore, even if I were competent to do it, there is no need. HP Mini 210-2050sb laptop keyboard
In 1872, Twain published a second piece of travel literature, Roughing It, as a semi-sequel to Innocents. Roughing It is a semi-autobiographical account of Twain's journey from Missouri to Nevada, his subsequent life in the American West, ASUS MP-06833US-D57 laptop keyboard
and his visit to Hawaii. The book lampoons American and Western society in the same way that Innocents critiqued the various countries of Europe and the Middle East. Twain's next work kept Roughing HP Pavilion DV6-1305tx laptop keyboard
It's focus on American society but focused more on the events of the day. Entitled The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, it was not a travel piece, as his previous two books had been, and it was hisfirst attempt at writing a novel. The book is also notable because it is Twain's only collaboration; it was written with his neighbor Charles Dudley Warner. DELL Inspiron 1564 laptop keyboard
Twain's next two works drew on his experiences on the Mississippi River. Old Times on the Mississippi, a series of sketches published in the Atlantic Monthly in 1875, featured Twain's disillusionment with Romanticism.[61] Old Times eventually became the starting point for Life on the Mississippi. HP Mini 210-2050ss laptop keyboard
Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn
Twain's next major publication was The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, which drew on his youth in Hannibal. Tom Sawyer was modeled on Twain as a child, with traces of two schoolmates, John Briggs and Will Bowen. The book also introduced in a supporting role Huckleberry Finn, based on Twain's boyhood friend Tom Blankenship. DELL 08WK6F laptop keyboard
The Prince and the Pauper, despite a storyline that is omnipresent in film and literature today, was not as well received. Telling the story of two boys born on the same day who are physically identical, the book acts as a social commentary as the prince and pauper switch places. Pauper was Twain's first attempt at historical fiction, Acer eMachines E732 laptop keyboard
and blame for its shortcomings is usually put on Twain for having not been experienced enough in English society, and also on the fact that it was produced after a massive hit. In between the writing of Pauper, HP Pavilion dv6-3084ca Laptop Keyboard
Twain had started Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (which he consistently had problems completing[62]) and started and completed another travel book, A Tramp Abroad, which follows Twain as he traveled through central and southern Europe. HP pavilion DV7-1000 Laptop Keyboard
Twain's next major published work, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, solidified him as a noteworthy American writer. Some have called it the first Great American Novel, and the book has become required reading in many schools throughout the United States. DELL 454RX Laptop Keyboard
Huckleberry Finn was an offshoot from Tom Sawyer and had a more serious tone than its predecessor. The main premise behind Huckleberry Finn is the young boy's belief in the right thing to do though most believed that it was wrong. Four hundred manuscript pages of Huckleberry Finn were written in mid-1876, HP 636191-001 Laptop Keyboard
right after the publication of Tom Sawyer. Some accounts have Twain taking seven years off after his first burst of creativity, eventually finishing the book in 1883. Other accounts have Twain working on Huckleberry Finn in tandem withThe Prince and the Pauper and other works in 1880 and other years. HP Mini 1001TU Laptop Keyboard
The last fifth of Huckleberry Finn is subject to much controversy. Some say that Twain experienced, as critic Leo Marx puts it, a "failure of nerve." Ernest Hemingway once said of Huckleberry Finn: SONY Vaio PCG-K23 Laptop Keyboard
If you read it, you must stop where the Nigger Jim is stolen from the boys. That is the real end. The rest is just cheating.
Hemingway also wrote in the same essay: TOSHIBA Mini NB 505-SP0160 Laptop Keyboard
All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn.[63]
Near the completion of Huckleberry Finn, Twain wrote Life on the Mississippi, which is said to have heavily influenced the former book.[37] Lenovo 45N2205 laptop keyboard
The work recounts Twain's memories and new experiences after a 22-year absence from the Mississippi. In it, he also states that "Mark Twain" was the call made when the boat was in safe water – two fathoms (12 feet or 3.7 metres). HP Pavilion DV3000 laptop keyboard
Twain next focused on A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, which featured him making his first big pronouncement of disappointment with politics. Written with the same historical fiction style of The Prince and the Pauper, SAMSUNG Q320 laptop keyboard
A Connecticut Yankee showed the absurdities of political and social norms by setting them in the court of King Arthur. The book was started in December 1885, then shelved a few months later until the summer of 1887, and eventually finished in the spring of 1889. HP Pavilion dv5-1215ee laptop keyboard
Twain had begun to furiously write articles and commentary, with diminishing returns, to pay the bills and keep his business projects afloat, but it was not enough. He filed for bankruptcy in 1894.
His next large-scale work, Pudd'nhead Wilson, was written rapidly, as Twain was desperately trying to stave off the bankruptcy. Lenovo 3000 Y500 laptop keyboard
From November 12 to December 14, 1893, Twain wrote 60,000 words for the novel.[37] Critics have pointed to this rushed completion as the cause of the novel's rough organization and constant disruption of continuous plot. SONY VGN-FE21B laptop keyboard
There were parallels between this work and Twain's financial failings, notably his desire to escape his current constraints and become a different person.
Like The Prince and the Pauper, this novel also contains the tale of two boys born on the same day who switch positions in life. SONY VAIO VGN-N31Z/W laptop keyboard
Considering the circumstances of Twain's birth and Halley's Comet, and his strong belief in the paranormal, it is not surprising that these "mystic" connections recur throughout his writing.
The actual title is not clearly established. It was first published serially in Century Magazine, SONY VAIO VGN-CR363 laptop keyboard
and when it was finally published in book form, Pudd'nhead Wilson appeared as the main title; however, the disputed "subtitles" make the entire title read: The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson and the Comedy of The Extraordinary Twins.[37] SONY VAIO VGN-NW110D laptop keyboard
Twain's next venture was a work of straight fiction that he called Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc and dedicated to his wife. Twain had long said that this was the work he was most proud of, despite the criticism he received for it. SONY VAIO VGN-FZ19VN laptop keyboard
The book had been a dream of his since childhood. He claimed he had found a manuscript detailing the life of Joan of Arc when he was an adolescent.[37] This was another piece Twain was convinced would save his publishing company. His financial adviser, Henry Huttleston Rogers, HP Pavilion dv6-2159tx laptop keyboard
quashed that idea and got Twain out of that business altogether, but the book was published nonetheless.
During this time of dire financial straits, Twain published several literary reviews in newspapers to help make ends meet. COMPAQ Presario V6730ES laptop keyboard
He famously derided James Fenimore Cooper in his article detailing Cooper's "Literary Offenses." He became an extremely outspoken critic not only of other authors, but also of other critics, suggesting that before praising Cooper's work, Thomas Lounsbury, Brander Matthews, and Wilkie Collins "ought to have read some of it."[65] HP Mini 210 laptop keyboard
Other authors to fall under Twain's attack during this time period (beginning around 1890 until his death) were George Eliot, Jane Austen, and Robert Louis Stevenson.[66] In addition to providing a source for the "tooth and claw" style of literary criticism, ASUS A8M laptop keyboard
Twain outlines in several letters and essays what he considers to be "quality writing." He places emphasis on concision, utility of word choice, and realism (he complains that Cooper's Deerslayer purports to be realistic but has several shortcomings). HP Pavilion dv7-3170ez Laptop CPU Fan
Ironically, several of his works were later criticized for lack of continuity (Adventures of Huckleberry Finn) and organization (Pudd'nhead Wilson).
Twain's wife died in 1904 while the couple were staying at the Villa di Quarto in Florence, and after an appropriate time Twain allowed himself to publish some works that his wife, HP G60-230us Laptop CPU Fan
a de facto editor and censor throughout his life, had looked down upon. Of these works, The Mysterious Stranger, depicting various visits of Satan to the Earth, is perhaps the best known. This particular work was not published in Twain's lifetime. There were three versions found in his manuscripts, made between 1897 and 1905: Lenovo 25-011670 laptop keyboard
the Hannibal, Eseldorf, and Print Shop versions. Confusion among the versions led to an extensive publication of a jumbled version, and only recently have the original versions as Twain wrote them become available. HP Mini 110-1049TU laptop keyboard
Twain's last work was his autobiography, which he dictated and thought would be most entertaining if he went off on whims and tangents in non-chronological order. Some archivists and compilers have rearranged the biography into more conventional forms, thereby eliminating some of Twain's humor and the flow of the book. Compaq Presario CQ42-291TX laptop keyboard
The first volume of autobiography, over 736 pages, was published by the University of California in November 2010, 100 years after his death as Twain wished.[67][68] It soon became an unexpected[69] best seller,[70] making Twain one of very few authors publishing new best-selling volumes in all three of the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries. SAMSUNG BA59-02489J laptop keyboard
Censorship
Twain’s works have been subjected to censorship efforts. According to Stuart (2013) “Leading these banning campaigns, generally, were religious organizations or individuals in positions of influence – not so much working librarians, who had been instilled with that American “lCompaq Presario CQ42-200LA laptop keyboard
ibrary spirit” which honored intellectual freedom (within bounds of course). In 1905, the Brooklyn Public Library banned both The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer from the children's department because of their language.[71] FUJITSU Amilo Mini Ui 3520 laptop keyboard
Before 1899 Twain was an ardent imperialist. In the late 1860s and early 1870s he spoke out strongly in favor of American interests in the Hawaiian Islands.[74]In the mid-1890s he explained later, he was "a red-hot imperialist. I wanted the American eagle to go screaming over the Pacific."[75] HP Pavilion DV6-1199eg laptop keyboard
He said the war with Spain in 1898 was "the worthiest" war ever fought.[76] In 1899 he reversed course, and from 1901, soon after his return from Europe, until his death in 1910, Twain was vice-president of the American Anti-Imperialist League,[77] ASUS V020662BS1 laptop keyboard
which opposed the annexation of the Philippines by the United States and had "tens of thousands of members."[29] He wrote many political pamphlets for the organization. The Incident in the Philippines, posthumously published in 1924, HP Pavilion HDX9313TX laptop keyboard
was in response to theMoro Crater Massacre, in which six hundred Moros were killed. Many of his neglected and previously uncollected writings on anti-imperialism appeared for the first time in book form in 1992.[77] TOSHIBA Satellite L755-S5365 laptop keyboard
Twain was critical of imperialism in other countries as well. In Following the Equator, Twain expresses "hatred and condemnation of imperialism of all stripes."[29] He was highly critical of European imperialism, notably of Cecil Rhodes, who greatly expanded the British Empire, and of Leopold II, King of theBelgians.[29] IBM Lenovo ThinkPad R52-1858 laptop keyboard
King Leopold's Soliloquy is a stinging political satire about his private colony, the Congo Free State. Reports of outrageous exploitation and grotesque abuses led to widespread international protest in the early 1900s, arguably the first large-scale human rights movement. TOSHIBA NSK-T4D01 laptop keyboard
In the soliloquy, the King argues that bringing Christianity to the country outweighs a little starvation. Leopold's rubber gatherers were tortured, maimed and slaughtered, until the movement forced Brussels to call a halt.[78][79] ACER Aspire 1413LC laptop keyboard
During the Philippine-American War, Twain wrote a short pacifist story entitled The War Prayer, which makes the point that humanism and Christianity's preaching of love are incompatible with the conduct of war. It was submitted to Harper's Bazaar for publication, but on March 22, 1905 the magazine rejected the story as "not quite suited to a woman's magazine." Eight days later, HP Pavilion dv6-2147es Laptop CPU Fan
Twain wrote to his friend Daniel Carter Beard, to whom he had read the story, "I don't think the prayer will be published in my time. None but the dead are permitted to tell the truth." Because he had an exclusive contract with Harper & Brothers, IBM ThinkPad T43P-2668 Laptop CPU Fan
Twain could not publish The War Prayer elsewhere; it remained unpublished until 1923. It was republished as campaigning material by Vietnam War protesters.[29]
Twain acknowledged he originally sympathized with the more moderate Girondins of the French Revolution and then shifted his sympathies to the more radicalSansculottes, Toshiba Satellite P505D-S8930 Laptop CPU Fan
indeed identifying as "a Marat." Twain supported the revolutionaries in Russia against the reformists, arguing that the Tsar must be got rid of, by violent means, because peaceful ones would not work.[80] He summed up his views of revolutions in the following statement: Dell Latitude E6510 Laptop CPU Fan
As counterpoint, Twain's essay on "The Literary Offenses of Fenimore Cooper" offers a much kinder view of Indians.[65] "No, other Indians would have noticed these things, but Cooper's Indians never notice anything. Cooper thinks they are marvelous creatures for noticing, but he was almost always in error about his Indians. HP Pavilion dv7-3125eo Laptop CPU Fan
There was seldom a sane one among them."[86] In his later travelogue Following the Equator (1897), Twain observes that in colonized lands all over the world, "savages" have always been wronged by "whites" in the most merciless ways, TOSHIBA UDQFRZH05C1N Laptop CPU Fan
such as "robbery, humiliation, and slow, slow murder, through poverty and the white man's whiskey"; his conclusion is that "there are many humorous things in this world; among them the white man's notion that he is less savage than the other savages."[87]
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His "Votes for Women" speech, in which he pressed for the granting of voting rights to women, is considered one of the most famous in history.[88]
Helen Keller benefited from Twain's support, as she pursued her college education and publishing, despite her disabilities and financial limitations. HP Pavilion dv6-3058sg Laptop CPU Fan
Although Twain was a Presbyterian, he was sometimes critical of organized religion and certain elements of Christianity through his later life. He wrote, for example, "Faith is believing what you know ain't so," HP Pavilion dv5-1058eo Laptop CPU Fan
and "If Christ were here now there is one thing he would not be—a Christian."[92] Nonetheless, as a mature adult he engaged in religious discussions and attended services, his theology developing as he wrestled with the deaths of loved ones and his own mortality.[93]His own experiences and suffering within his family made him particularly critical of "faith healing," such as espoused by Mary Baker Eddy and Christian Science.[citation needed] SONY UDQF2PH52CF0 Laptop CPU Fan
Twain generally avoided publishing his most heretical opinions on religion in his lifetime, and they are known from essays and stories that were published later. In the essay Three Statements of the Eighties in the 1880s, Twain stated that he believed in an almighty God, but not in any messages, ACER Aspire 7720 Series Laptop CPU Fan
revelations, holy scriptures such as the Bible, Providence, or retribution in the afterlife. He did state that "the goodness, the justice, and the mercy of God are manifested in His works," but also that "the universe is governed by strict and immutable laws," which determine "small matters," such as who dies in a pestilence.[94] Sony PCG-GRT715M Laptop CPU Fan
At other times he wrote or spoke in ways that contradicted a strict deist view, for example, plainly professing a belief in Providence.[95] In some later writings in the 1890s, he was less optimistic about the goodness of God, observing that "if our Maker is all-powerful for good or evil, He is not in His right mind." Toshiba Satellite M70-122 Laptop CPU Fan
At other times, he conjectured sardonically that perhaps God had created the world with all its tortures for some purpose of His own, but was otherwise indifferent to humanity, which was too petty and insignificant to deserve His attention anyway.[96]
Main article: Twain-Ament Indemnities Controversy HP 608772-001 Laptop CPU Fan
In 1901 Twain criticized the actions of missionary Dr. William Scott Ament (1851–1909) because Ament and other missionaries had collected indemnities from Chinese subjects in the aftermath of the Boxer Uprising of 1900. Dell Vostro 3450 Laptop CPU Fan
Twain's response to hearing of Ament's methods was published in the North American Review in February 1901: To the Person Sitting in Darkness, and deals with examples of imperialism in China, South Africa, and with the U.S. occupation of the Philippines.[97] Dell Vostro 3500 Laptop CPU Fan
A subsequent article, "To My Missionary Critics" published in The North American Review in April 1901, unapologetically continues his attack, but with the focus shifted from Ament to his missionary superiors, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.[98] HP Pavilion dv6-3178ee Laptop Keyboard
After his death, Twain's family suppressed some of his work that was especially irreverent toward conventional religion, notably Letters from the Earth, HP Envy 15 Laptop Keyboard
which was not published until his daughter Clara reversed her position in 1962 in response to Soviet propaganda about the withholding.[99] The anti-religious The Mysterious Stranger was published in 1916. Little Bessie, a story ridiculing Christianity, was first published in the 1972 collection Mark Twain's Fables of Man.[100] HP Pavilion DV3000 Laptop Keyboard
Despite these views, he raised money to build a Presbyterian Church in Nevada in 1864, although it has been argued that it was only by his association with his Presbyterian brother that he did that.[101] HP G62-450SV Laptop Keyboard
Twain created a reverent portrayal of Joan of Arc, a subject over which he had obsessed for forty years, studied for a dozen years and spent two years writing.[102] In 1900 and again in 1908, he stated, "I like Joan of Arc best of all my books, it is the best." [102][103] HP Pavilion DV7-3065dx Laptop Keyboard
Those who knew Twain well late in life recount that he dwelt on the subject of the afterlife, his daughter Clara saying: "Sometimes he believed death ended everything, but most of the time he felt sure of a life beyond."[104] SAMSUNG NP-Q320-FS01UK Laptop Keyboard
Twain's frankest views on religion appeared in his final work Autobiography of Mark Twain, the publication of which started in November 2010, 100 years after his death. In it, he said:[105]
Twain used different pen names before deciding on "'Mark Twain". He signed humorous and imaginative sketches as "Josh" until 1863. Additionally, he used the pen name "Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass" for a series of humorous letters.[108] DELL Vostro 1015 Laptop Keyboard
He maintained that his primary pen name came from his years working on Mississippi riverboats, where two fathoms, a depth indicating safe water for passage of boat, was measured on the sounding line. Twain is an archaic term for "two", HP 535438-001 Laptop CPU Fan
as in "The veil of the temple was rent in twain." [109] The riverboatman's cry was "mark twain" or, more fully, "by the mark twain", meaning "according to the mark [on the line], [the depth is] two [fathoms]," that is, "The water is 12 feet (3.7 m) deep and it is safe to pass."
Twain claimed that his famous pen name was not entirely his invention. In Life on the Mississippi, he wrote: HP 637607-001 Laptop CPU Fan
Captain Isaiah Sellers was not of literary turn or capacity, but he used to jot down brief paragraphs of plain practical information about the river, and sign them "MARK TWAIN," and give them to the New Orleans Picayune. HP 622028-001 Laptop CPU Fan
They related to the stage and condition of the river, and were accurate and valuable; ... At the time that the telegraph brought the news of his death, I was on the Pacific coast. I was a fresh new journalist, and needed a nom de guerre; HP Pavilion dv7-4139eo Laptop CPU Fan
so I confiscated the ancient mariner's discarded one, and have done my best to make it remain what it was in his hands – a sign and symbol and warrant that whatever is found in its company may be gambled on as being the petrified truth; how I have succeeded, it would not be modest in me to say.[110] HP Pavilion dv7t-6100 CTO Laptop CPU Fan
Twain's story about his pen name has been questioned by biographer George Williams III,[111] the Territorial Enterprise newspaper,[112] and Purdue University's Paul Fatout.[113] The claim is that "mark twain" refers to a running bar tab that Twain would regularly incur while drinking at John Piper's saloon in Virginia City, Nevada. Toshiba AB7005HX-SB3 Laptop CPU Fan
Twain's legacy lives on today as his namesakes continue to multiply. Several schools are named after him, including Mark Twain Elementary School in Wheeling, Illinois and Mark Twain Elementary School in Houston, Texas, which has a statue of Twain sitting on a bench. HP Pavilion dv7-6b55dx Laptop CPU Fan
There is also Mark Twain Intermediate School in New York. There are several schools named Mark Twain Middle School in different states, as well as Samuel Clemens High School in Schertz, near San Antonio, Texas. There are also other structures, such as the Mark Twain Memorial Bridge. HP Pavilion dv5-1145ev Laptop CPU Fan
Mark Twain Village is a United States Army installation located in the Südstadt district of Heidelberg, Germany. It is one of two American bases in the United States Army Garrison Heidelberg that house American soldiers and their families (the other being Patrick Henry Village).
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In 1998, The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts created the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor, awarded annually. The Mark Twain Award is an award given annually to a book for children in grades four through eight by the Missouri Association of School Librarians. Stetson University in DeLand, HP G72-b60US Laptop Keyboard
Florida sponsors the Mark Twain Young Authors' Workshop each summer in collaboration with the Mark Twain Boyhood Home & Museum in Hannibal. The program is open to young authors in grades five through eight.[114] The museum sponsors the Mark Twain Creative Teaching Award.[115] SONY 148084122 Laptop Keyboard
Buildings associated with Twain, including some of his many homes, have been preserved as museums. His birthplace is preserved in Florida, Missouri. The Mark Twain Boyhood Home & Museum in Hannibal, HP 550 Laptop Keyboard
Missouri preserves the setting for some of the author's best known work. The home of childhood friend Laura Hawkins, said to be the inspiration for his fictional character Becky Thatcher, is preserved as the "Thatcher House." In May 2007, Lenovo Thinkpad T520 Laptop Keyboard
a painstaking reconstruction of the home of Tom Blankenship, the inspiration for Huckleberry Finn, was opened to the public. The family home he had built in Hartford, Connecticut, where he and his wife raised their three daughters, is preserved and open to visitors as the Mark Twain House. HP Pavilion DV6-1199eg Laptop Keyboard
Asteroid 2362 Mark Twain was named after him.
On December 4, 1985, the United States Postal Service issued a stamped envelope for "Mark Twain and Halley's Comet," noting the connection with Twain's birth, his death, and the comet.[116] On June 25, 2011, the Postal Service released a Forever stamp in his honor.[117]
Depictions FUJITSU Lifebook T4220 Laptop Keyboard
Main article: Mark Twain in popular culture
Twain is often depicted wearing a white suit. While there is evidence that suggests that, after Livy's death in 1904, Twain began wearing white suits on the lecture circuit, modern representations suggesting that he wore them throughout his life are unfounded. However, there is evidence of him wearing a white suit before 1904. TOSHIBA Satellite m505-s4945 Laptop Keyboard
In 1882, he sent a photograph of himself in a white suit to 18-year-old Edward W. Bok, later publisher of the Ladies Home Journal, with a handwritten dated note on verso. It did eventually become his trademark, DELL PVDG3 Laptop Keyboard
as illustrated in anecdotes about this eccentricity (such as the time he wore a white summer suit to a Congressional hearing during the winter).[37] McMasters' The Mark Twain Encyclopedia states that Twain did not wear a white suit in his last three years, except at one banquet speech.[118] DELL Studio 1458 Laptop Keyboard
Actor Hal Holbrook created a one-man show called Mark Twain Tonight, which he has performed regularly for about 59 years.[119] The broadcast by CBS in 1967 won him an Emmy Award. Of the three runs on Broadway (1966, 1977, and 2005), the first won him a Tony Award. ACER Aspire 7520 Laptop Keyboard
Twain was portrayed by Fredric March in the 1944 film The Adventures of Mark Twain. He was later brought to life by James Whitmore in the (similarly titled) 1985 Will Vinton Claymation film The Adventures of Mark Twain. In the two-part Star Trek: The Next Generation episode, "Time's Arrow Pt. 1 & 2",DELL Precision M4500 Laptop Keyboard
the crew of the starship Enterprise pursues malevolent alien lifeforms through a time portal to 1893 San Francisco, where their secretive actions arouse the suspicions of Samuel Clemens as played by Jerry Hardin. SONY VAIO VGN-AR825E Laptop Keyboard
Folklore indicates that the town got its name from a man named James Finney who was nicknamed "Old Virginy".[4] Finney was credited with discovering the Comstock Lode. His real name was James Fennimore, and he had fled his home state ofVirginia after killing a man.[citation needed] DELL INSPIRON 1464 Laptop Keyboard
Like many cities and towns in the state, Virginia City was a mining boomtown; it appeared virtually overnight as a result of the Comstock Lode silver strike of 1859. At its peak, Virginia City had a population of over 15,000 HP 636376-001 Laptop Keyboard
residents and was called the richest city in America.[5] During the 20 years following the Comstock success "about $400 million was taken out of the ground."[6] Most of the miners who came to the city were Cornish or Irish.[7] In 1870, Asians were 7.6% of the population.[8] When the Comstock Lode ran out in 1898, the city's population declined sharply.[citation needed] TOSHIBA NSK-TBD01 Laptop Keyboard
Mining operations were hindered by extreme temperatures in the mines caused by natural hot springs. The miners would snowshoe to work and then descend into the high temperatures. This contributed to a low life expectancy. SONY VAIO VGN-FS710/W laptop keyboard
Adolph Sutro built the Sutro Tunnel in support of the mining operations. The tunnel drained the water to the valley below (Dayton). Conceived in 1860, it was not completed until many years later, after much of the silver had been mined. ACER TravelMate 6292 Laptop Keyboard
Virginia City could be considered the "birthplace" of Mark Twain, as it was here in February 1863[11] that writer Samuel Clemens, then a reporter on the local Territorial Enterprisenewspaper, first used his famous pen name.[12] ACER TravelMate 6292 laptop keyboard
Virginia City historical documents state that Clemens was mugged on November 10, 1863, as he walked over the hill from the south while returning to Virginia City. The muggers relieved Clemens of his watch and his money. The robbery turns out to have been a practical joke played on Clemens by his friends, to give him material to write about. HP 633183-001 laptop keyboard
He did not appreciate the joke, but he did retrieve his belongings—particularly his gold watch (worth $300), which had great sentimental value.[13] Clemens mentions the incident in his book Roughing It (published Feb. 1872), HP Pavilion dv6-3208tu laptop keyboard
apparently still sore about it. The Mississippi River is the chief river of the largest drainage system in North America.[3][4] Flowing entirely in the United States (though its drainage basin reaches into Canada), HP Pavilion dv5-1111ea laptop keyboard
it rises in northern Minnesota and meandersslowly southwards for 2,340 miles (3,770 km)[4] to the Mississippi River Delta at the Gulf of Mexico. With its many tributaries, the Mississippi's watershed drains all or parts of 31 US states and 2 Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains. ACER TravelMate 3020 laptop keyboard
The Mississippi ranks as the fourth longest and tenth largest river in the world. The river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois,Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. SAMSUNG Q320 laptop keyboard
Native Americans long lived along the Mississippi and its tributaries. Most were hunter-gatherers or herders, but some, such as the Mound builders, formed prolific agricultural societies. The arrival of Europeans in the 1500s changed the native way of life as first explorers, then settlers, HP Pavilion dv3-2155mx laptop keyboard
ventured into the basin in increasing numbers. The river served first as a barrier – forming borders for New Spain, New France, and the early United States – then as a vital transportation artery and communications link. HP Pavilion dv3-2106tu Laptop Keyboard
In the 19th century, during the height of Manifest Destiny, the Mississippi and several western tributaries, most notably the Missouri, formed pathways for the western expansion of the United States. SONY VAIO VGN-CS110E/R Laptop Keyboard
Formed from thick layers of this river's silt deposits, the Mississippi River Valley is one of the most fertile agricultural regions of the country, which resulted in the river's storied steamboat era. During the American Civil War, HP G62-223CL Laptop Keyboard
the Mississippi's capture by Union forces marked a turning point towards victory because of the river's importance as a route of trade and travel, not least to the Confederacy. Because of substantial growth of cities and the larger ships and barges that supplanted riverboats, HP Pavilion dv6-2020sa Laptop Keyboard
the decades following the 1900s saw the construction of massive engineering works such as levees, locks and dams, often built in combination.
Since modern development of the basin began, the Mississippi has also seen its share of pollution and environmental problems – most notably large volumes of agricultural runoff, which has led to the Gulf of Mexico dead zone off the Delta. TOSHIBA NSK-T4701 Laptop Keyboard
In recent years, the river has shown a steady shift towards the Atchafalaya Riverchannel in the Delta; a course change would prove disastrous to seaports such as New Orleans. While a system of dikes and gates has held the Mississippi in its current channel to date, the shift becomes more likely each year due to fluvial processes. DELL NSK-D5A01 Laptop Keyboard
The word itself comes from Messipi, the French rendering of the Anishinaabe (Ojibwe or Algonquin) name for the river, Misi-ziibi (Great River). See below inHistory section for additional information. Lenovo Thinkpad T420 Laptop Keyboard
In addition to historical traditions shown by names, there are at least two other measures of a river's identity, one being the largest branch (by water volume), and the other being the longest branch. GATEWAY M-1628 Laptop Keyboard
Using the largest-branch criterion, the Ohio (not the Middle and Upper Mississippi) would be the main branch of the Lower Mississippi. Using the longest-branch criterion, the Middle Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson-Beaverhead-Red Rock-Hellroaring Creek River would be the main branch. HP 605344-001 Laptop Keyboard
According to either school of thought, the Upper Mississippi from Lake Itasca, Minnesota to St. Louis, despite its name, would only be a secondary tributary of the final river flowing from Cairo to the Gulf of Mexico. SONY 148084721 Laptop Keyboard
While the Missouri River, flowing from the confluence of the Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin Rivers to the Mississippi, is the longest continuously named river in the United States,[4] the serially named river known sequentially as Hellroaring Creek, Red Rock, Beaverhead, Jefferson, Missouri, ASUS X53S laptop keyboard
Middle Mississippi, and Lower Mississippi, as one continuous waterway, is the longest river in North America and the third or fourth longest river in the world. Its length of at least 3,745 mi (6,027 km)[citation needed] is exceeded only by the Nile, the Amazon,[5] and perhaps the Yangtze River[6] Lenovo 45N2071 laptop keyboard
among the longest rivers in the world. The source of this waterway is at Brower's Spring, 8,800 feet (2,700 m) above sea level in southwestern Montana, along the Continental Divide outside Yellowstone National Park. ASUS F3F laptop keyboard
The Mississippi River is widely considered a convenient if approximate dividing line between the Eastern, Southern, and Midwestern United States and the Western U.S., as exemplified by the Gateway Arch in St. Louis and the phrase "Trans-Mississippi", used for example in the name of the 1898 Trans-Mississippi Expositionheld in Omaha, Nebraska. DELL V110546AS1 laptop keyboard
From its origin at Lake Itasca to St. Louis, Missouri, the waterway's flow is moderated by 43 dams. Fourteen of these dams are located above Minneapolis in the headwaters region and serve multiple purposes, including power generation and recreation. The remaining 29 dams, beginning in downtown Minneapolis, HP Mini 210-2012sq laptop keyboard
all contain locks and were constructed to improve commercial navigation of the upper river. Taken as a whole these 43 dams significantly shape the geography and influence the ecology of the upper river. Beginning just below Saint Paul, ACER Aspire 4315 laptop keyboard
Minnesota, and continuing throughout the upper and lower river, the Mississippi is further controlled by thousands of wing dikes that moderate the river's flow in order to maintain an open navigation channel and prevent the river from eroding its banks. ACER Aspire 5612 laptop keyboard
The head of navigation on the Mississippi is the Coon Rapids Dam in Coon Rapids, Minnesota. Before its construction in 1913, steamboats could occasionally go upstream as far as Saint Cloud, Minnesota, depending on river conditions. HP Pavilion DV7-3160us laptop keyboard
The uppermost lock and dam on the Upper Mississippi River is the Upper St. Anthony Falls Lock and Dam in Minneapolis. Above the dam, the river's elevation is 799 feet (244 m). Below the dam, the river's elevation is 750 feet (230 m). HP HDX18-1100 CTO laptop keyboard
This 49-foot (15 m) drop is the largest of all the Mississippi River locks and dams. The origin of the dramatic drop is a waterfall preserved adjacent to the lock under an apron of concrete. Saint Anthony Falls is the only true waterfall on the entire Mississippi River. The water elevation continues to drop steeply as it passes through the gorge carved by the waterfall. HP HDX18-1027CL laptop keyboard
The Upper Mississippi features various natural and artificial lakes, with its widest point being Lake Winnibigoshish, nearGrand Rapids, Minnesota, over 7 miles (11 km) across. Also of note is Lake Onalaska (created by Lock and Dam No. 7), near La Crosse, Wisconsin, HP HDX18-1027CL laptop keyboard
over 4 miles (6.4 km) wide. On the other hand, Lake Pepin is natural, formed due to the delta formed by the Chippewa River of Wisconsin as it enters the Upper Mississippi; it is more than 2 miles (3.2 km) wide.[8] Lenovo 63Y0011 laptop keyboard
By the time the Upper Mississippi reaches Saint Paul, Minnesota, below Lock and Dam No. 1, it has dropped more than half its original elevation and is 687 feet (209 m) above sea level. From St. Paul to St. Louis, Missouri, the river elevation falls much more slowly, and is controlled and managed as a series of pools created by 26 locks and dams.[9] FUJITSU CP270342-02 laptop keyboard
The Upper Mississippi River is joined by the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling in the Twin Cities; the St. Croix River nearPrescott, Wisconsin; the Cannon River near Red Wing, Minnesota; the Zumbro River at Wabasha, Minnesota; the Black, La Crosse, and Root rivers in La Crosse, Wisconsin; the Wisconsin River at Prairie du Chien, DELL Vostro 3700 laptop keyboard
Wisconsin; the Rock River at theQuad Cities; the Iowa River near Wapello, Iowa; the Skunk River south of Burlington, Iowa; and the Des Moines River at Keokuk, Iowa. Other major tributaries of the Upper Mississippi include the Crow River in Minnesota, the Chippewa River in Wisconsin, HP Pavilion dv5-1215ee laptop keyboard
the Maquoketa River and the Wapsipinicon River in Iowa, and the Big Muddy River and Illinois River.
The Upper Mississippi is largely a multi-thread stream with many bars and islands. From its confluence with the St. Croix River downstream to Dubuque, Iowa, the river is entrenched, with high bedrock bluffs lying on either side. HP Pavilion dv6-2020ev laptop keyboard
The height of these bluffs decreases to the south of Dubuque, though they are still significant through Savanna, Illinois. This topography contrasts strongly with the Lower Mississippi, which is a meandering river in a broad, flat area, only rarely flowing alongside a bluff (as at Vicksburg, Mississippi). SONY VAIO VGN-SZ120P laptop keyboard
The Upper Mississippi River is home to over 119 species of fish. Some fish include; walleye, sauger, large mouth bass, small mouth bass, and white bass. Northern pike, bluegill and crappie also reside in the Upper Mississippi River. Packard Bell Easynote TK85 laptop keyboard
Other fish like channel catfish, flathead catfish, carp, the common shiner, freshwater drum, paddlefish and shovelnose sturgeon also live in these upper Mississippi waters.[10] [11] ACER Aspire 3002LCi laptop keyboard
The Mississippi River is known as the Middle Mississippi from the Upper Mississippi River's confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis, Missouri, for 190 miles (310 km) to its confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo, Illinois.[12][13] DELL Inspiron N4050 laptop keyboard
The Middle Mississippi is a relatively free-flowing river. From St. Louis to the Ohio River confluence, the Middle Mississippi falls a total of 220 feet (67 m) over a distance of 180 miles (290 km) for an average rate of 1.2 feet per mile (23 cm/km). ACER Extensa 5635Z laptop keyboard
At its confluence with the Ohio River, the Middle Mississippi is 315 feet (96 m) above sea level. Apart from the Missouri and Meramec rivers of Missouri and the Kaskaskia River of Illinois, no major tributaries enter the Middle Mississippi River. HP Mini 210-2002sl laptop keyboard
Mississippi's primary branch is the Ohio River. At the confluence of the Ohio and the Middle Mississippi, the Ohio is the bigger river, with its long-term mean discharge at Cairo, Illinois being 281,500 cu ft/s (7,970 m3/s),[14] Lenovo 3000 Y500 laptop keyboard
while the long-term mean discharge of the Mississippi at Thebes, Illinois (just upriver from Cairo) is 208,200 cu ft/s (5,900 m3/s).[15]Thus, by volume, the main branch of the Mississippi River system at Cairo can be considered to be the Ohio River (and theAllegheny River further upstream), rather than the Middle Mississippi. HP 640436-001 laptop keyboard
In addition to the Ohio River, the major tributaries of the Lower Mississippi River are the White River, flowing in at theWhite River National Wildlife Refuge in east central Arkansas; the Arkansas River, joining the Mississippi at Arkansas Post; the Big Black River in Mississippi; the Yazoo River, SONY VGN-FE855E/H laptop keyboard
meeting the Mississippi at Vicksburg, Mississippi; and the Red River in Louisiana. The widest point of the Mississippi River is in the Lower Mississippi portion where it exceeds 1 mile (1.6 km) in width in several places. SONY VAIO VGN NR430E laptop keyboard
Deliberate water diversion at the Old River Control Structure in Louisiana allows the Atchafalaya River in Louisiana to be a major distributary of the Mississippi River, with 30% of the Mississippi flowing to the Gulf of Mexico by this route, rather than continuing down the Mississippi's current channel pastBaton Rouge and New Orleans on a longer route to the Gulf.[16][17][18] SONY VAIO VGN-SZ120P laptop keyboard
In the United States, the Mississippi River drains the majority of the area between crest of the Rocky Mountains and the crest of the Appalachian Mountains, except for various regions drained to Hudson Bay by the Red River of the North; SONY VAIO VGN-FS415M laptop keyboard
to the Atlantic Ocean by the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River; and to the Gulf of Mexico by the Rio Grande, the Alabama andTombigbee rivers, the Chattahoochee and Appalachicola rivers, and various smaller coastal waterways along the Gulf. ASUS X53S laptop keyboard
The Mississippi River empties into the Gulf of Mexico about 100 miles (160 km) downstream from New Orleans. Measurements of the length of the Mississippi from Lake Itasca to the Gulf of Mexico vary somewhat, but the United States Geological Survey's number is 2,340 miles (3,770 km). The retention time from Lake Itasca to the Gulf is typically about 90 days.[19] ASUS F3F laptop keyboard
The Mississippi River discharges at an annual average rate of between 200 and 700 thousand cubic feet per second (7,000–20,000 m3/s).[20] Although it is the 5th largest river in the world by volume, this flow is a mere fraction of the output ofthe Amazon, which moves nearly 7 million cubic feet per second (200,000 m3/s) during wet seasons. On average, the Mississippi has only 8% the flow of the Amazon River.[21] Lenovo 0A62075 laptop keyboard
Fresh river water flowing from the Mississippi into the Gulf of Mexico does not mix into the salt water immediately. The images from NASA's MODIS (to the right) show a large plume of fresh water, which appears as a dark ribbon against the lighter-blue surrounding waters. HP Pavilion dv7-6020ev Laptop CPU Fan
These images demonstrate that the plume did not mix with the surrounding sea water immediately. Instead, it stayed intact as it flowed through the Gulf of Mexico, into the Straits of Florida, and entered theGulf Stream. DELL Precision M6400 Series Laptop CPU Fan
The Mississippi River water rounded the tip of Florida and traveled up the southeast coast to the latitude ofGeorgia before finally mixing in so thoroughly with the ocean that it could no longer be detected by MODIS. ACER Aspire 3002NLC Laptop CPU Fan
Prior to 1900, the Mississippi River transported an estimated 400 million metric tons of sediment per year from the interior of the United States to coastal Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico. During the last two decades, SONY Vaio VGN-FS415M Laptop CPU Fan
this number was only 145 million metric tons per year. The reduction in sediment transported down the Mississippi River is the result of engineering modification of the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio rivers and their tributaries by dams, meander cutoffs, river-training structures, and bank revetments and soil erosion control programs in the areas drained by them.[22] HP AB5205HB-EBB Laptop CPU Fan
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