François Guizot
François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (French: [fʁɑ̃swa pjɛʁ ɡijom ɡizo]; 1787–1874) was a French historian, orator, and statesman. Guizot was a dominant figure in French politics prior to the Revolution of 1848, a conservative liberal who opposed the attempt by King Charles X to usurp legislative power, and worked to sustain aconstitutional monarchy following the July Revolution of 1830. Lenovo ThinkPad T510-4349 Laptop Keyboard
He then served the "citizen king" Louis Philippe, as Minister of Education, 1832–37, ambassador to London, Foreign Minister 1840–1847, and finally Prime Minister of France from 19 September 1847 to 23 February 1848. HP G62-456TU Laptop Keyboard
Guizot's influence was critical in expanding public education, which under his ministry saw the creation of primary schools in every French commune. But as a leader of the "Doctrinaires", committed to supporting the policies of Louis Phillipe and limitations on further expansion of the political franchise, DELL NSK-D8001 Laptop Keyboard
he earned the hatred of more left-leaning liberals and republicans through his unswerving support for restricting suffrage to propertied men, advising those who wanted the vote to "enrich yourselves" (enrichissez-vous) through hard work and thrift. HP AEAT5U00010 Laptop Keyboard
As Prime Minister, it was Guizot's ban on the political meetings (called the Paris Banquets, which celebrated the birthday of George Washington) of an increasingly vigorous opposition in January 1848 that catalyzed the revolution that toppled Louis Philippe in February and saw the establishment of the French Second Republic. GATEWAY M-6846 Laptop Keyboard
Guizot is famous as the originator of the quote "Not to be a republican at 20 is proof of want of heart; to be one at 30 is proof of want of head".[1] This quote has been reworked many times, especially in reference to socialism and liberalism. Compaq Presario CQ42-228LA Laptop Keyboard
It has been borrowed by or attributed to many notable figures who lived after Guizot, includingWinston Churchill, George Bernard Shaw, Benjamin Disraeli, Georges Clemenceau,[2] Otto von Bismarck, Aristide Briand, Theodore Roosevelt,[3] Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, Wendell Willkie,[4] William J. Casey, and others. HP Pavilion G7-1167DX Laptop Keyboard
Guizot was born at Nîmes to a bourgeois Protestant family. On 8 April 1794, when François Guizot was 6, his father was executed on the scaffold at Nîmes during the Reign of Terror. From then on, the boy's mother was completely responsible for his upbringing. TOSHIBA MP-06863US-9308 Laptop Keyboard
Madame Guizot had great influence over Francois Guizot and was part of his circle of friends. In the days of his exile in 1848 she followed him to London, and there at a very advanced age died and was buried at Kensal Green. HP G72-a01SG Laptop Keyboard
Driven from Nîmes by the Revolution, Madame Guizot and her son went to Geneva, where he was educated. In spite of her decided Calvinistic opinions, the theories of Jean-Jacques Rousseau influenced Madame Guizot. TOSHIBA Satellite L775D-S7340 Laptop Keyboard
A strong Liberal, she even adopted the notion inculcated in Emile that every man ought to learn a manual trade or craft. Guizot learnt carpentry, and succeeded in making a table with his own hands, which is still preserved. In the work which he entitled Memoirs of my own Times Guizot omitted all personal details of his earlier life. ACER TravelMate 6292 Laptop Keyboard
In 1805 he arrived in Paris and he entered at the age eighteen as tutor into the family of M. Stapfer, formerly Swiss minister in France. He soon began to write in a journal edited by Suard, the Publiciste. This connection introduced him to the literary society of Paris. HP Mini 210-1083CA Laptop Keyboard
In October 1809, aged twenty-two, he wrote a review of François-René de Chateaubriand's Martyrs, which won Chateaubriand's approbation and thanks, and he continued to contribute largely to the periodical press. At Suard's he had made the acquaintance of Pauline de Meulan, a contributor to Suard's journal. Her contributions were interrupted by illness, but immediately resumed and continued by an unknown hand. SONY Vaio PCG-K35 Laptop Keyboard
It was discovered that François Guizot had substituted for her. In 1812 Mademoiselle de Meulan married Guizot. She died in 1827. (An only son, born in 1819, died in 1837 of consumption.) In 1828 Guizot married Elisa Dillon, niece of his first wife, and also an author. DELL Vostro 3550 Laptop Keyboard
She died in 1833, leaving two daughters (Henriette (1829-1908), a co-author with her father and prolific writer herself; and Pauline (1831-1874)) and a son (Maurice Guillaume (1833–1892), who attained some reputation as a scholar and writer). ACER Aspire One D150-1920 Laptop Keyboard
During the First French Empire, Guizot, entirely devoted to literary pursuits, published a collection of French synonyms (1809), an essay on the fine arts (1811), and a translation of Edward Gibbon's work, with additional notes, in 1812. HP Mini 110-3012tu Laptop Keyboard
These works recommended him to the notice of Louis-Marcelin de Fontanes, grand-master of the University of France, who selected Guizot for the chair of modern history at the Sorbonne in 1812. He delivered his first lecture (reprinted in his Memoirs) on 11 December of that year. He omitted the customary compliment to the all-powerful emperor, SONY VAIO VGN-CS16G/Q Laptop Keyboard
in spite of the hints given him by his patron, but the course which followed marks the beginning of the great revival of historical research in France in the 19th century. HP Probook 4320s Laptop Keyboard
Absent from Paris at the moment of the fall of Napoleon in 1814, he was at once selected, on the recommendation of Royer-Collard, to serve the government of King Louis XVIII, in the capacity of secretary-general of the ministry of the interior, under the abbé de Montesquiou. Upon the return of Napoleon from Elba he immediately resigned, on 25 March 1815, and returned to his literary pursuits. ASUS A6J laptop keyboard
After the Hundred Days, he returned to Ghent, where he saw Louis XVIII, and in the name of the liberal party pointed out that a frank adoption of a liberal policy could alone secure the duration of the restored monarchy – advice which was ill-received by the king's confidential advisers. This visit to Ghent was brought up by political opponents in later years as unpatriotic. TOSHIBA NB100 laptop keyboard
"The Man of Ghent" was one of the terms of insult frequently used against him in the days of his power. The reproach appears to be wholly unfounded. He was acting not to preserve the failing empire, but to establish a liberal monarchy and to combat the reactionary ultra-royalists. DELL NSK-DCM01 laptop keyboard
On the second restoration, Guizot was appointed secretary-general of the ministry of justice under de Barbé-Marbois, but resigned with his chief in 1816. In 1819 he was one of the founders of the Liberal journal Le Courrier français. HP Mini 110-1212NR laptop keyboard
Adhering to the great principles of liberty and toleration, they were sternly opposed to the anarchical traditions of the Revolution. They hoped to subdue the elements of anarchy through the power of a limited constitution based on the suffrage of the middle class and promoted by the literary talents of the time. SONY VAIO VGN-CS110D/W laptop keyboard
They were opposed alike to the democratic spirit of the age, to the military traditions of the empire, and to the bigotry and absolutism of the court. The Doctrinaires fell out of influence following the July Revolution in 1830HP G62-456TU laptop keyboard
In 1820, when the reaction was at its height after the murder of the Duc de Berry, and the fail of the ministry of the duc Decazes, Guizot was deprived of his offices, and in 1822 even his course of lectures were interdicted. TOSHIBA Satellite U305-S5077 laptop keyboard
During the succeeding years he played an important part among the leaders of the liberal opposition to the government of Charles X, although he had not yet entered parliament, and this was also the time of his greatest literary activity. GATEWAY M-6846 laptop keyboard
In 1822 he had published his lectures on representative government (Histoire des origines du gouvernernent représentatif, 1821–1822, 2 vols.; Eng. trans. 1852); also a work on capital punishment for political offences and several important political pamphlets. From 1822 to 1830 he published two important collections of historical sources, HP Pavilion DV7-3173nr laptop keyboard
the memoirs of the history of England in 26 volumes, and the memoirs of the history of France in 31 volumes, and a revised translation, of Shakespeare, and a volume of essays on the history of France. Written from his own pen during this period was the first part of his Histoire de la révolution d'Angleterre depuis Charles I à Charles II (2 vols., 1826–1827; Eng. trans., 2 vols., TOSHIBA PK13AT10600 laptop keyboard
Oxford, 1838), which he resumed and completed during his exile in England after 1848. The Martignac administration restored Guizot in 1828 to his professor's chair and to the council of state. During his time at the University of Paris his lectures earned him a reputation as a historian of note. These lectures formed the basis of his general Histoire de la civilisation en Europe (1828; HP Pavilion dv6-2165tx laptop keyboard
Eng. trans. by William Hazlitt, 3 vols., 1846), and of hisHistoire de la civilisation en France (4 vols., 1830),
In January 1830 he was elected by the town of Lisieux to the Chamber of Deputies, and he retained that seat during the whole of his political life. Guizot delivered an address in March 1830 calling for greater political freedom in the Chamber of Deputies. TOSHIBA Satellite P305-S8915 laptop keyboard
The motion passed 221 against 181. Charles X responded by dissolving the Chamber and called for new elections which only strengthened opposition to the throne. On his returning to Paris from Nîmes on 27 July, the fall of Charles X was already imminent. HP Mini 210-1083CA laptop keyboard
Personally, Guizot was always of opinion that it was a great misfortune for the cause of parliamentary government in France that the infatuation and ineptitude of Charles X and Prince Polignac rendered a change in the hereditary line of succession inevitable. DELL Vostro PP38L laptop keyboard
Once convinced that it was inevitable, he became one of the most ardent supporters of Louis Philippe. In August 1830 Guizot was made minister of the interior, but resigned in November. He had now joined the ranks of the conservatives, and for the next eighteen years was a determined foe of democracy, the unyielding champion of "a monarchy limited by a limited number of bourgeois." Acer eMachines E732 laptop keyboard
In 1831 Casimir Perier formed a more vigorous and compact administration, terminated in May 1832 by his death; the summer of that year was marked by a formidable republican rising in Paris, and it was not until 11 October 1832 that a stable government was formed, in which Marshal Soult was first minister, Victor, SONY VAIO VGN-N31M laptop keyboard
3rd duc de Broglie took the foreign office, Adolphe Thiers the home department, and Guizot the department of public instruction. Guizot, however, was already unpopular with the more advanced liberal party. He remained unpopular all his life. Lenovo 3000 G430 4152 laptop keyboard
Yet never were his great abilities more useful to his country than while he filled this office of secondary rank but of primary importance in the department of public instruction. The duties it imposed on him were entirely congenial to his literary tastes, HP Mini 110-1212NR Laptop Keyboard
and he was master of the subjects they concerned. He applied himself in the first instance to carry the law of 28 June 1833, which established and organized primary education in France.
The branch of the Institute of France known as the "Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques," which had been suppressed by Napoleon, was revived by Guizot. GATEWAY M-6803M Laptop Keyboard
Some of the old members of this learned body – Talleyrand, Sieyès,Roederer and Lakanal – again took their seats there, and a host of more recent celebrities were added by election for the free discussion of the great problems of political and social science. DELL Inspiron N4050 laptop keyboard
The Société de l'histoire de Francewas founded for the publication of historical works; and a vast publication of medieval chronicles and diplomatic papers was undertaken at the expense of the state. SONY VAIO VGN-NW51FB laptop keyboard
The July Monarchy was threatened in 1839 by Louis-Mathieu Molé, who had formed an intermediate government. Guizot and the leaders of the left centre and the left, Thiers and Odilon Barrot worked together to stop Molé, Packard Bell Easynote TK87 laptop keyboard
Victory was secured at the expense of principle, and Guizot's attack on the government gave rise to a crisis and a republican insurrection. None of the three leaders of that alliance took ministerial office, and Guizot was not sorry to accept the post of ambassador in London, HP Mini 110-3015dx laptop keyboard
which withdrew him for a time from parliamentary contests. This was in the spring of 1840, and Thiers succeeded shortly afterwards to the ministry of foreign affairs.
Guizot was received with distinction by Queen Victoria and by London society. His literary works were highly esteemed, HP COMPAQ NX6120 laptop keyboard
and sincerely attached to the alliance of the two nations and the cause of peace. He also secured the return of Napoleon’s ashes to France at the insistence of Thiers. As he himself remarked, he was a stranger to England and a novice in diplomacy; ASUS F80 laptop keyboard
the embroiled state of the Syrian War question, on which the French government had separated itself from the joint policy of Europe, and possibly the absence of entire confidence between the ambassador and the minister of foreign affairs, HP Pavilion DV6-1100sv laptop keyboard
placed him in an embarrassing and even false position. The warnings he transmitted to Thiers were not believed. The treaty of 15 July was signed without his knowledge and executed against his advice. For some weeks Europe seemed to be on the brink of war, until the king ended the crisis by refusing his assent to the military preparations of Thiers, HP Mini 210-1190NR laptop keyboard
and by summoning Guizot from London to form a ministry and to aid his Majesty in what he termed "ma lutte tenace contre l'anarchie."
Thus began, under dark and adverse circumstances, on 29 October 1840, the important administration in which Guizot remained the master-spirit for nearly eight years. SONY VGN-FE21H laptop keyboard
He himself took the office of minister for foreign affairs, and upon the retirement of Marshal Soult, he became prime minister. His first care was the maintenance of peace and the restoration of amicable relations with the other powers of Europe. His success gave unity and strength to the conservative party, who now felt that they had a great leader at their head. FUJITSU CP270342-02 laptop keyboard
During Guizot’s tenure as foreign minister, he and Lord Aberdeen, the foreign secretary to Sir Robert Peel, carried on well and thus they secured France and Britain in the entente cordiale. Part of the formation of the entente came about when Guizot secured the transfer of Napoleon’s ashes from St. Helena to the French government.[5] HP 519265-001 laptop keyboard
The opposition in France denounced Guizot's foreign policy as basely subservient to England. He replied in terms of unmeasured contempt: "You may raise the pile of calumny as high as you will; vous n'arriverez jamais a la hauteur de mon dédain!" In 1845 British and French troops fought side by side for the first time in the Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata. DELL PK130801B00 laptop keyboard
The fall of Peel's government in 1846 changed these intimate relations; and the return of Palmerston to the foreign office led Guizot to believe that he was again exposed to the passionate rivalry of the British cabinet. HP Pavilion dv6-2016ez laptop keyboard
A friendly understanding had been established between the two courts with reference to the future marriage of the young queen of Spain. The language of Lord Palmerston and the conduct of Sir Henry Bulwer (afterwards Lord Dalling) at Madrid led Guizot to believe that this understanding was broken, HP Pavilion DV7-3160us laptop keyboard
provoking the Affair of the Spanish Marriages after Guizot came to believe that Britain intended to place a Coburg on the throne of Spain. Determined to resist any such intrigue, Guizot and the king plunged headlong into a counter-intrigue, wholly inconsistent with their previous engagements to Britain, and fatal to the happiness of the queen of Spain. HP 519265-001 laptop keyboard
By their influence she was urged into a marriage with a despicable offset of the house of Bourbon, and her sister was at the same time married to the youngest son of the French king, in direct violation of Louis Philippe's promises. SONY VAIO VGN-N130E laptop keyboard
This transaction, although it was hailed at the time as a triumph of the policy of France, was in truth as fatal to the monarch as it was discreditable to the minister. It was accomplished by a mixture of secrecy and violence. SONY VAIO VGN-SZ650N laptop keyboard
[citation needed] It was defended by subterfuges. Its immediate effect was to destroy the Anglo-French alliance, and to throw Guizot into closer relations with the reactionary policy ofMetternich and the Northern courts. HP G61-409CA Laptop Keyboard
His first object as prime minister was to unite and discipline the conservative party, which had been broken up by previous dissensions and ministerial changes. In this he entirely succeeded by his courage and eloquence as a parliamentary leader, and by the use of all those means of influence which France supplied to a dominant minister. DELL Vostro 3500 Laptop Keyboard
No one ever doubted the purity and disinterestedness of Guizot's own conduct. He despised money; he lived and died poor; and though he encouraged the fever of money-getting in the French nation, his own habits retained their primitive simplicity. ASUS F6A Laptop Keyboard
But he did not disdain to use in others the baser passions from which he was himself free. Some of his instruments were mean; he employed them to deal with meanness after its kind.
In 1846 the opposition accused the government of buying the votes of the electorate. Guizot acknowledged that corruption happened but the government could not really prevent it. SONY VGN-FE790 Laptop Keyboard
Non-voters exaggerated the occurrences of corruption to point to their need for enfranchisement. Guizot utterly failed to satisfy the demand for expansion of suffrage.[6] Some scholars point out that corruption, while certainly present, did not have a large effect on the voting records of those in the Chamber of Deputies.[7] HP Compaq NW8440 Laptop Keyboard
The strength of Guizot’s oration was his straightforward style of speaking. He was essentially a ministerial speaker, far more powerful in defence than in opposition. Nor was he less a master of parliamentary tactics and of those sudden changes and movements in debate which, as in a battle, sometimes change the fortune of the day. HP Pavilion DV3000 Laptop Keyboard
His confidence in himself, and in the majority of the chamber which he had moulded to his will, was unbounded; and long success and the habit of authority led him to forget that in a country like France there was a people outside the chamber elected by a small constituency, to which the minister and the king himself were held responsible. TOSHIBA Satellite L755D-S5227 Laptop Keyboard
Guizot's view of politics was essentially historical and philosophical. His tastes and his acquirements gave him little insight into the practical business of administrative government. Of finance he knew nothing; trade and commerce were strange to him; military and naval affairs were unfamiliar to him; ASUS F82Q Laptop Keyboard
all these subjects he dealt with by second hand through his friends, PS Dumon (1797–1870), Charles Marie Tanneguy, Comte Duchâttel (1803–1867), orMarshal Bugeaud. The consequence was that few measures of practical improvement were carried by his administration. Still less did the government lend an ear to the cry for parliamentary reform. Compaq Presario CQ57 Series Laptop Keyboard
On this subject the king's prejudices were insurmountable, and his ministers had the weakness to give way to them. It was impossible to defend a system which confined the suffrage to 200,000 citizens, and returned a chamber of whom half were placemen. SONY VAIO VGN-N21S/W Laptop Keyboard
Nothing would have been easier than to strengthen the conservative party by attaching the suffrage to the possession of land in France, but blank resistance was the sole answer of the government to the moderate demands of the opposition. Warning after warning was addressed to them in vain by friends and by foes alike; LENOVO IdeaPad S10 20015 Laptop Keyboard
and they remained profoundly unconscious of their danger till the moment when it overwhelmed them. Strange to say, Guizot never acknowledged either at the time or to his dying day the nature of this error; and he speaks of himself in his memoirs as the much-enduring champion of liberal government and constitutional law. DELL Vostro PP38L Laptop Keyboard
He utterly fails to perceive that a more enlarged view of the liberal destinies of France and a less intense confidence in his own specific theory might have preserved the constitutional monarchy and averted a vast series of calamities, HP 640436-001 Laptop Keyboard
which were in the end fatal to every principle he most cherished. But with the stubborn conviction of absolute truth he dauntlessly adhered to his own doctrines to the end.
In the afternoon of 23 February 1848 the king summoned his minister from the chamber, which was then sitting, HP MP-08K33US-930 Laptop Keyboard
and informed him that considering the situation in Paris and elsewhere in the country during the Banquet agitation for electoral reform, and the alarm and division of opinion in the royal family, led him to doubt whether he could retain Guizot as his prime minister. HP Pavilion dv6-2130er Laptop Keyboard
Guizot instantly resigned, returning to the chamber only to announce that the administration was at an end and that the king had sent for Louis-Mathieu Molé. Molé failed in the attempt to form a government, and between midnight and one in the morning Guizot, who had according to his custom retired early to rest, IBM Lenovo ThinkPad R52 1870 Laptop Keyboard
was again sent for to the Tuileries. The king asked his advice. "We are no longer the ministers of your Majesty," replied Guizot; "it rests with others to decide on the course to be pursued. But one thing appears to be evident: this street riot must be put down; ACER TravelMate 3232WXMi Laptop Keyboard
these barricades must be taken; and for this purpose my opinion is that Marshal Bugeaud should be invested with full power, and ordered to take the necessary military measures, and as your Majesty has at this moment no minister, ASUS A6000J Laptop Keyboard
I am ready to draw up and countersign such an order." The marshal, who was present, undertook the task, saying, "I have never been beaten yet, and I shall not begin to-morrow. The barricades shall be carried before dawn." LENOVO IdeaPad S10e 4068 laptop keyboard
Adolphe Thiers and Barrot decided to withdraw the troops. Guizot found a safe refuge in Paris for some days in the lodging of a humble miniature painter whom he had befriended, and shortly afterwards effected his escape across the Belgian frontier and thence to London, where he arrived on 3 March. His mother and daughters had preceded him, and he was speedily installed in a modest habitation in Pelham Crescent,Brompton. FUJITSU Lifebook S7210 laptop keyboard
The society of England, though many persons disapproved of much of his recent policy, received the fallen statesman with as much distinction and respect as they had shown eight years before to the king's ambassador. TOSHIBA Satellite L755D-SP5165RM laptop keyboard
A professorship at Oxford was spoken of, which he was unable to accept. He stayed in England about a year, devoting himself again to history. Back in Paris in 1850, Guizot published two more volumes on the English revolution--Pourǫuoi la Révolution d'Angeterre A-T-Elle Reussi? Compaq Presario CQ42-137TU laptop keyboard
and Discours sur l'Histoire, de la Révolution d'Ang. In February 1850 Karl Marx and Frederick Engels co-wrote a critical assessment of this two-volume history.[8] In 1854 Guizot published his Histoire de la république d'Angleterre et de Cromwell (2 vols., 1854), then his Histoire du protectorat de Cromwell et du rétablissement des Stuarts (2 vols., 1856). HP Pavilion DV7-2277cl laptop keyboard
He also published an essay on Peel, and amid many essays on religion, during the ten years 1858–1868, appeared the extensive Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de mon temps, in nine volumes. His speeches were included in 1863 in his Histoire parlementaire de la France (5 vols. of parliamentary speeches, 1863). HP G61-409CA laptop keyboard
After having resigned as Prime Minister of France, he left politics. He was aware that the link between himself and public life was broken for ever; and he never made the slightest attempt to renew it. The greater part of the year he spent at his residence at Val Richer, an Augustine monastery near Lisieuxin Normandy, LENOVO IdeaPad S10 20015 laptop keyboard
which had been sold at the time of the first Revolution. His two daughters, who married two descendants of the illustrious Dutch family of De Witt, so congenial in faith and manners to the Huguenots of France, kept his house. One of his sons-in-law farmed the estate. SONY Vaio VGN-AW310J laptop keyboard
And here Guizot devoted his later years with undiminished energy to literary labour, which was in fact his chief means of subsistence. Proud, independent, simple and contented he remained to the last; and these years of retirement were perhaps the happiest and most serene portion of his life. TOSHIBA Satellite L755D-S5227 laptop keyboard
Two institutions may be said even under the second empire to have retained their freedom-the Institute of France and the Protestant Consistory. In both of these Guizot continued to the last to take an active part. He was a member of three of the five academies into which the Institute of France is divided. ACER Aspire 4315 laptop keyboard
The Academy of Moral and Political Science owed its restoration to him, and he became in 1832 one of its first associates. The Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres elected him in 1833 as the successor to M Dacier; and in 1836 he was chosen a member of the Académie française, the highest literary distinction of the country. ASUS F82Q laptop keyboard
In these learned bodies Guizot continued for nearly forty years to take a lively interest and to exercise a powerful influence. He was the jealous champion of their independence. His voice had the greatest weight in the choice of new candidates; GATEWAY MX6956 laptop keyboard
the younger generation ofFrench writers never looked in vain to him for encouragement; and his constant aim was to maintain the dignity and purity of the profession of letters. In 1842, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. IBM Lenovo ThinkPad R52 laptop keyboard
In the consistory of the Protestant church in Paris Guizot exercised a similar influence. His early education and his experience of life conspired to strengthen the convictions of a religious temperament. COMPAQ Presario V5000 laptop keyboard
He remained throughout his life a firm believer in the truths of revelation, and a volume ofMéditations on the Christian Religion was one of his latest works. But though he adhered inflexibly to the church of his fathers and combated the rationalist tendencies of the age, which seemed to threaten it with destruction, ACER Aspire 4736Z laptop keyboard
he retained not a tinge of the intolerance or asperity of the Calvinisticcreed. He respected in the Church of Rome the faith of the majority of his countrymen; and the writings of the great Catholic prelates, Bossuet andBourdaloue, were as familiar and as dear to him as those of his own persuasion, and were commonly used by him in the daily exercises of family worship. HP Pavilion DV7-3065dx Laptop Keyboard
In these literary pursuits and in the retirement of Val Richer years passed smoothly and rapidly away; and as his grandchildren grew up around him, he began to direct their attention to the history of their country. From these lessons sprang his last work, the Histoire de France racontée à mes petits enfants. HP Pavilion DV7-3065dx Laptop Keyboard
The history came down to 1789, and was continued to 1870 by his daughter Madame Guizot de Witt from her father's notes.
Down to the summer of 1874 Guizot's mental vigour and activity were unimpaired. He died peacefully, and is said to have recited verses of Corneille and texts from Scripture on his death-bed. SONY VAIO PCG-792L Laptop Keyboard
The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, Second French Revolution or Trois Glorieuses in French, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans, who himself, after 18 precarious years on the throne, would in turn be overthrown. DELL INSPIRON 1464 Laptop Keyboard
It marked the shift from one constitutional monarchy, the Bourbon Restoration, to another, the July Monarchy; the transition of power from the House of Bourbon to its cadet branch, the House of Orléans; and the substitution of the principle of popular sovereignty for hereditary right. Supporters of the Bourbon would be called Legitimists, and supporters of Louis Philippe Orléanists. HP Pavilion dv6-3030em laptop keyboard
On 16 September 1824, Charles X ascended to the throne of France. He was the younger brother of Louis XVIII, who, upon the defeat of Napoleon I, and by agreement of the Allied powers, had been installed as King of France. The fact that both Louis and Charles ruled by hereditary right rather than popular consent was the first of two triggers for Les Trois Glorieuses, the "Three Glorious Days" of the July Revolution. DELL E141395 laptop keyboard
Upon the abdication of Napoleon in 1814, continental Europe, and France in particular, was in a state of disarray. TheCongress of Vienna met to redraw the continent's political map. Although there were many European countries attending the congress, Packard Bell PEW91 laptop keyboard
there were four major powers that controlled the decision making: United Kingdom, represented by her foreign secretary Viscount Castlereagh; Austria, represented by the chief minister (and chairman of the congress) Klemens, Fürst von Metternich; Lenovo 3000 Y510a 15303 laptop keyboard
Russia, represented by Emperor Alexander I; and Prussia, represented by King Frederick William III. Another very influential person at the Congress was Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, a French diplomat under Napoleon. Although France was considered an enemy state, Talleyrand was allowed to attend the Congress because he claimed that he had only cooperated with Napoleon under duress. SONY VGN-FE48E laptop keyboard
Talleyrand proposed that Europe be restored to its "legitimate" (i.e. pre-Napoleon) borders and governments; a plan that, with some changes, was accepted by members of the Congress. France returned to its 1789 borders and the House of Bourbon, Packard Bell Easynote TK85 laptop keyboard
deposed by the Revolution, was restored to the throne. In the eyes of the Congress, the political situation in France and Europe was now back to normal. However, the new king, Louis XVIII, knew that ideas of nationalism and democracy still lingered in his country; hence the establishment and signing of the Charte constitutionnelle française, the French Constitution otherwise known as La Charte. This document was the second trigger of the July Revolution. SONY VAIO PCG-FR415S laptop keyboard
On September 16, 1824, after a lingering illness of several months, the 69-year-old Louis XVIII died childless. Therefore his younger brother, Charles, aged 66, inherited the throne of France. On 27 September Charles X as he was now known, made his state entry into Paris to popular acclaim. HP Pavilion dv6-3190sf laptop keyboard
During the ceremony, while presenting the King the keys to the city, the comte de Chabrol, Prefect of the Seine, declared: "Proud to possess its new king, Paris can aspire to become the queen of cities by its magnificence, as its people aspire to be foremost in its fidelity, its devotion, and its love."[1] HP 636191-001 laptop keyboard
But eight months later, the mood of the capital had sharply worsened in its opinion of the new king. The causes of this dramatic shift in public opinion were many, but the main two were:
Critics of the first accused the king and his new ministry of pandering to the Catholic Church, and by so doing violating guarantees of equality of religious belief as specified in La Charte. DELL Latitude D430 laptop keyboard
The second matter, that of financial indemnities, was far more opportunistic than the first. This was because since the restoration of the monarchy, there had been demands from all groups to settle matters of property ownership; to reduce, if not eliminate, the uncertainties in the real estate market[2] both in Paris and in France. DELL Inspiron N4050 laptop keyboard
But opponents, many of whom were frustrated Bonapartists, began a whispering campaign that Charles X was only proposing this in order to shame those who had not emigrated. Both measures, they claimed, were nothing more than clever subterfuge meant to bring about the destruction of La Charte. ASUS X82S laptop keyboard
Up to this time, thanks to the popularity of the Charte constitutionnelle and the Chamber of Deputies with the people of Paris, the king's relationship with the élite – both of the Bourbon supporters and Bourbon opposition – had remained solid. This, too, was about to change. On 12 April, HP Pavilion dv6-2160ep laptop keyboard
propelled by both genuine conviction and the spirit of independence, the Chamber of Deputies roundly rejected the government's proposal to change the inheritance laws. The popular newspaper Le Constitutionnel pronounced this refusal "a victory over the forces of counter-revolutionaries and reactionism"[3] HP G62-450SV laptop keyboard
The popularity of both the Chamber of Peers and the Chamber of Deputies skyrocketed, and the popularity of the king and his ministry dropped. This became unmistakable when on 16 April 1827, HP Mini 110-1014NR laptop keyboard
while reviewing the Garde Royale in the Champ de Mars, the king was greeted with icy silence, many of the spectators refusing even to remove their hats. Charles X "later told [his cousin] Orléans that, 'although most people present were not too hostile, some looked at times with terrible expressions'."[4] ASUS X82S laptop keyboard
Because of what it perceived to be growing, relentless, and increasingly vitriolic criticism of both the government and the Church, the government of Charles X introduced into the Chamber of Deputies a proposal for a law tightening censorship, especially in regard to the newspapers. The Chamber, for its part, objected so violently that the humiliated government had no choice but to withdraw its proposals. HP Pavilion DV6-1014el Laptop Keyboard
On 17 March 1830, the majority in the Chamber of Deputies made the Address of the 221 (motion of no confidence) against the king and Polignac's ministry. The following day, Charles dissolved parliament, and then alarmed the Bourbon opposition by delaying elections for two months. HP Pavilion dv6-2130er Laptop Keyboard
During this time, the liberals championed the '221' as popular heroes, whilst the government struggled to gain support across the country as prefects were shuffled around the departments of France. The elections that followed returned an overwhelming majority, IBM Lenovo ThinkPad X300 Laptop Keyboard
thus defeating the government. This came after another event: on the grounds that it had behaved in an offensive manner towards the crown, on 30 April the king abruptly dissolved the National Guard of Paris, a voluntary group of citizens and an ever reliable conduit between the monarchy and the people. Cooler heads were appalled: "[I] TOSHIBA NSK-TAJ01 Laptop Keyboard
would rather have my head cut off", wrote a noble from the Rhineland upon hearing the news, "than have counseled such an act: the only further measure needed to cause a revolution is censorship."[5] ACER Aspire 5051AWXMi Laptop Keyboard
That came in July 1830 when, on Sunday, 25 July Charles X signed the July Ordinances, also known as "The Ordinances of Saint-Cloud". On Monday 26 July, they were published in the leading conservative newspaper in Paris, Le Moniteur. On Tuesday 27 July, the revolution began in earnest Les trois journées de juillet, and the end of the Bourbon monarchy. HP G42-415DX Laptop Keyboard
It was a hot, dry summer, pushing those who could afford it to leave Paris for the country. Most businessmen could not, and so were among the first to learn of the Saint-Cloud "Ordinances", which banned them from running as candidates for the Chamber of Deputies, membership of which was the sine qua non of those who sought the ultimate in social prestige. SAMSUNG N150 Laptop Keyboard
In protest, members of the Bourse refused to lend money, and business owners shuttered their factories. Workers were unceremoniously turned out into the street to fend for themselves. Unemployment, which had been growing through early summer, spiked. "Large numbers of... workers therefore had nothing to do but protest."[6] ASUS X53S Laptop Keyboard
While newspapers such as the Journal des débats, Le Moniteur, and Le Constitutionnel had already ceased publication in compliance with the new law, nearly 50 journalists from a dozen city newspapers met in the offices of Le National. There they signed a collective protest, and vowed their newspapers would continue to run.[7] HP PK13ZK31000 Laptop Keyboard
That evening, when police raided a news press and seized contraband newspapers, they were greeted by a sweltering, unemployed mob angrily shouting, "À bas les Bourbons!" (Down with the Bourbons!) "Vive la Charte!" (Long live the Charter!) Armand Carrel, a journalist, wrote in the next day's edition of Le National: ACER ZU2 Laptop Keyboard
Charles X ordered Maréchal Auguste Marmont, Duke of Ragusa, the on-duty Major-General of the Garde Royale, to repress the disturbances. Marmont was personally liberal, and opposed to the ministry's policy, but was bound tightly to the King because he believed such to be his duty; Lenovo 3000 Y500 Laptop Keyboard
and possibly because of his unpopularity for his generally perceived and widely criticized desertion of Napoleon in 1814. HP Pavilion dv6-2040ev laptop keyboard
Marmont's plan was to have the Garde Royale and available line units of the city garrison guard the vital thoroughfares and bridges of the city, as well as protect important buildings such as the Palais Royal,Palais de Justice, and the Hôtel de Ville. SAMSUNG NP-N145-JP02 laptop keyboard
This plan was both ill considered and wildly ambitious; not only were there not enough troops, but there were also nowhere near enough provisions. The Garde Royale was mostly loyal for the moment, but the attached line units were wavering: a small but growing number of troops were deserting; some merely slipping away, others leaving, not caring who saw them. TOSHIBA Satellite L775-S7245 laptop keyboard
In Paris, a committee of the Bourbon opposition, composed of banker-and-kingmaker Jacques Laffitte, Casimir Perier, Generals Étienne Gérard and Georges Mouton, comte de Lobau, among others, had drawn up and signed a petition in which they asked for the ordonnances to be withdrawn. DELL Inspiron N4050 laptop keyboard
The petition criticized "not of the King, but his ministers", thereby refuting Charles X's conviction that his liberal opponents were enemies of his dynasty."[13]
After signing the petition, committee members went directly to Marmont to beg for an end to the bloodshed, and to plead with him to become a mediator between Saint-Cloud and Paris. TOSHIBA Satellite L655-S5107 laptop keyboard
Marmont acknowledged the petition, but stated that the people of Paris would have to lay down arms first for a settlement to be reached. Discouraged but not despairing, the party then sought out the king's chief minister, de Polignac – "Jeanne d'Arc en culottes". From Polignac they received even less satisfaction. DELL Inspiron N4050 laptop keyboard
He refused to see them, perhaps because he knew that discussions would be a waste of time. Like Marmont, he knew that Charles X considered the ordonnances vital to the safety and dignity of the throne of France. Thus, the King would not withdraw the ordonnances. TOSHIBA Satellite L40-14Y laptop keyboard
At 4 pm, Charles X received Colonel Komierowski, one of Marmont's chief aides. The colonel was carrying a note fromMarmont to his Majesty:
Sire, it is no longer a riot, it is a revolution. It is urgent for Your Majesty to take measures for pacification. The honour of the crown can still be saved. Tomorrow, perhaps, there will be no more time... I await with impatience Your Majesty's orders.[14] DELL Studio 1458 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
Marmont lacked either the initiative or the presence of mind to call for additional troops from Saint-Denis, Vincennes, Lunéville or Saint-Omer; neither did he ask for help from reservists or those Parisians still loyal to Charles X. IBM Lenovo Thinkpad W500 Series Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
The Bourbon opposition and supporters of the July Revolution swarmed to his headquarters demanding the arrest of Polignacand the other ministers, while supporters of the Bourbon and city leaders demanded he arrest the rioters and their puppet masters. Marmont refused to act on either request, instead awaiting orders from the king. HP Pavilion DV7-3065dx Laptop Keyboard
By 1:30 pm, the Tuileries had been sacked. "A man wearing a ball dress belonging to the duchesse de Berry, with feathers and flowers in his hair, screamed from a palace window: "Je reçois! Je reçois!" Others drank wine from the palace cellars."[16] HP 597635-001 Laptop Keyboard
Earlier that day, the Louvre had fallen, even more quickly. The Swiss Guards, seeing the mob swarming towards them, and manacled by the orders of Marmont not to fire unless fired upon first, ran away. They had no wish to share the fate of a similar contingent of Swiss Guards back in 1792, HP Compaq NC8430 Laptop Keyboard
who had held their ground against another such mob and were torn to pieces. By mid-afternoon the greatest prize, the Hôtel de Ville, had been captured. It should be noted that the amount of looting during these three days was surprisingly small[citation needed]; not only at theLouvre – whose paintings and objets d'art were protected by the crowd – but the Tuileries, SONY V072078AS1 Laptop Keyboard
the Palais de Justice, theArchbishop's Palace[disambiguation needed], and other places as well.
A few hours later, politicians entered the battered complex and set about establishing a provisional government. Though there would be spots of fighting throughout the city for the next few days, the revolution, for all intents and purposes, was over. HP Pavilion dv6-2130er Laptop Keyboard
The revolution of July 1830 created a constitutional monarchy. On August 2, Charles X and his son the Dauphinabdicated their rights to the throne and departed for Great Britain. Although Charles had intended that his grandson, the Duke of Bordeaux, would take the throne as Henry V, COMPAQ Presario CQ60-104TU Laptop Keyboard
the politicians who composed the provisional government instead placed on the throne a distant cousin, Louis Philippe of the House of Orléans, who agreed to rule as a constitutional monarch. This period became known as the July Monarchy. Supporters of the exiled senior line of the Bourbon dynasty became known as Legitimists. SONY Vaio PCG-K86P Laptop Keyboard
The July Column, located on Place de la Bastille, commemorates the events of the Three Glorious Days.
This renewed French Revolution sparked an August uprising in Brussels and the Southern Provinces of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, leading to separation and the establishment of the Kingdom of Belgium. The example of the July Revolution also inspired unsuccessful revolutions in Italy and Poland. HP Pavilion dm1-1010sa Laptop Keyboard
Two years later Parisian students, disillusioned by the outcome and underlying motives of the uprising, revolted in an event known as the June Rebellion. Although the insurrection was crushed within less than a week, the July Monarchy remained unpopular and was eventually overthrown in 1848. SONY VAIO VGN-C2S Series Laptop Keyboard
The Republic was then proclaimed by Alphonse de Lamartine in the name of the provisional government elected by the Chamber under the pressure of the mob.
This provisional government with Dupont de l'Eure as its president, consisted of Lamartine for foreign affairs,Crémieux for justice, Ledru-Rollin for the interior, SONY VAIO VGN-FS315M Laptop Keyboard
Carnot for public instruction, Goudchaux for finance,Arago for the navy, and Burdeau for war. Garnier-Pagès was mayor of Paris.
But, as in 1830, the republican-socialist party had set up a rival government at the Hôtel de Ville (city hall), including Louis Blanc, Armand Marrast, ACER TravelMate 6292 Laptop Keyboard
Ferdinand Flocon, and the Albert L'Ouvrier ("Albert the Worker"), which bid fair to involve discord and civil war. But this time the Palais Bourbon was not victorious over the Hôtel de Ville. It had to consent to a fusion of the two bodies, in which, however, the predominating elements were the moderate republicans. It was uncertain what the policy of the new government would be. ACER Aspire 7535 Laptop Keyboard
One party seeing that in spite of the changes in the last sixty years of all political institutions the position of the people had not been improved, demanded a reform of society itself, the abolition of the privileged position of property, the only obstacle to equality, SONY VGN-FE41M Laptop Keyboard
and as an emblem hoisted the red flag (the 1791 red flag was, however, the symbol not merely of the French Revolution, but rather of martial law and of order[1]). The other party wished to maintain society on the basis of its ancient institutions, and rallied round the tricolore. As a concession made by Lamartine to popular aspirations, HP 506782-001 Laptop Keyboard
and in exchange of the maintaining of the tricolor flag, he conceded the Republican triptych of Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, written on the flag, on which a red rosette was also to be added.[1]
The first collision took place as to the form which the 1848 Revolution was to take. HP 646578-001 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
Were they to remain faithful to their original principles, as Lamartine wished, and accept the decision of the country as supreme, or were they, as the revolutionaries under Ledru-Rollin claimed, to declare the republic of Paris superior to the universal manhood suffrageof an insufficiently educated people? On 5 March the government, HP 3MLX8TATP20 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
under the pressure of the Parisian clubs, decided in favour of an immediate reference to the people, and direct universal suffrage, and adjourned it till 26 April. In this fateful and unexpected decision, which instead of adding to the electorate the educated classes, refused by Guizot, admitted to it the unqualified masses, HP Pavilion dv2820es Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
originated the Constituent Assembly of 4 May 1848. The provisional government having resigned, the republican and anti-socialist majority on the 9 May entrusted the supreme power to an Executive Commission consisting of five members: Arago, Pierre Marie de Saint-Georges, Garnier-Pagès, Lamartine and Ledru-Rollin. HP Pavilion dv6-3052nr Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
But the spell was already broken. This revolution which had been peacefully effected with the most generous aspirations, in the hope of abolishing poverty by organizing industry on other bases than those of competition and capitalism, and which had at once aroused the fraternal sympathy of the nations, was doomed to be abortive. HP Pavilion dv6-3034nr Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
The result of the general election, the return of a constituent assembly predominantly moderate if not monarchical, dashed the hopes of those who had looked for the establishment, by a peaceful revolution, of their ideal socialist state; SONY VAIO PCG-6L2L Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
but they were not prepared to yield without a struggle, and in Paris itself they commanded a formidable force. In spite of the preponderance of the "tricolour" party in the provisional government, so long as the voice of France had not spoken, the socialists, supported by the Parisian proletariat, HP Pavilion dv7-6107tx Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
had exercised an influence on policy out of all proportion to their relative numbers or personal weight. By the decree of 24 February, the provisional government had solemnly accepted the principle of the "right to work," HP 495079-001 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
and decided to establish "National Workshops" for the unemployed; at the same time a sort of industrial parliament was established at the Luxembourg Palace, under the presidency of Louis Blanc, HP Pavilion dv7-6135dx Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
with the object of preparing a scheme for the organization of labour; and, lastly, by the decree of 8 March, the property qualification for enrolment in the National Guard had been abolished and the workmen were supplied with arms. The socialists thus formed, in some sort, a state within the state, with a government, an organisation and an armed force. SONY Vaio VGN-NW280F Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
In the circumstances, a conflict was inevitable;[2] and on 15 May, an armed mob, headed by Raspail, Blanqui and Barbès, and assisted by the proletariat Guard, attempted to overwhelm the Assembly. They were defeated by the bourgeois battalions of the National Guard; but the situation nonetheless remained highly critical. Dell Vostro 3750 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
The national workshops were producing the results that might have been foreseen. It was impossible to provide remunerative work even for the genuine unemployed, and of the thousands who applied the greater number were employed in perfectly useless digging and refilling; soon even this expedient failed, HP Pavilion tx2510us Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
and those for whom work could not be invented were given a half wage of 1 franc a day. Even this pitiful dole, with no obligation to work, proved attractive, and all over France workmen threw up their jobs and streamed to Paris, where they swelled the ranks of the army under the red flag. HP Pavilion G61-631NR Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
It was soon clear that the continuance of this experiment would mean financial ruin; it had been proved by the émeute of 15 May, that it constituted a perpetual menace to the state; and the government decided to end it. The method chosen was scarcely a happy one. Toshiba Satellite A50-111 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
On 21 June, Alfred de Falloux decided in the name of the parliamentary commission on labour that the workmen should be discharged within three days and those who were able-bodied should be forced to enlist. Toshiba Satellite A205-S5804 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
The June Days Uprising broke out at once, during 24—26 June, when the eastern industrial quarter of Paris, led byPujol[disambiguation needed], fought the western quarter, led by Cavaignac, who had been appointed dictator. HP Pavilion dv8229ea Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
The socialist party was vanquished by fighting and afterwards by deportation, but they dragged down the Republic in their ruin. It had already become unpopular with the peasants, exasperated by the newland tax of 45 centimes imposed in order to fill the empty treasury, DELL Studio 1450 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
and with the bourgeois, in terror of the power of the revolutionary clubs and hard hit by the stagnation of business. By the "massacres" of the June Days the working classes were also alienated from it; and abiding fear of the "Reds" did the rest. The Duke of Wellington wrote at this time, "France needs a Napoleon! I cannot yet see him..." Lenovo 3000 G430 4152 laptop keyboard
The granting of universal suffrage to a society with Imperialist sympathies, and unfitted to reconcile the principles of order with the consequences of liberty, was indeed bound, now that the political balance in France was so radically changed, to prove a formidable instrument of reaction; and this was proved by the election of the president of the Republic. FUJITSU Lifebook S6230 laptop keyboard
The new constitution, proclaiming a democratic republic, direct universal suffrage and the separation of powers, was promulgated on 4 November.[3] Under the new constitution, there was to be a single permanent assembly of 750 members elected for a term of three years by the scrutin de liste, SONY VAIO VGN-AR770 laptop keyboard
which was to vote on the laws prepared by a council of state elected by the Assembly for six years; the executive power was delegated to a president elected for four years by direct universal suffrage, i.e. on a broader basis than that of the chamber, and not eligible for re-election. He was to choose his ministers, Lenovo 3000 G430 4152 laptop keyboard
who, like him, would be responsible to the Assembly. Finally, all revision was made impossible since it involved obtaining three times in succession a majority of three-quarters of the deputies in a special assembly. It was in vain that Jules Grévy, FUJITSU Lifebook S6230 laptop keyboard
in the name of those who perceived the obvious and inevitable risk of creating, under the name of a president, a monarch and more than a king, proposed that the head of the state should be no more than a removable president of the ministerial council. GATEWAY NX570X laptop keyboard
Lamartine, thinking that he was sure to be the choice of the electors under universal suffrage, won over the support of the Chamber, which did not even take the precaution of rendering ineligible the members of families which had reigned over France. FUJITSU Lifebook S6230 laptop keyboard
It made the presidency an office dependent upon popular acclamation. The election was keenly contested; the democratic republicans adopted as their candidate Ledru-Rollin, the "pure republicans" Cavaignac, and the recently reorganized Imperialist party Prince Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. Unknown in 1835, DELL Inspiron N4050 laptop keyboard
and forgotten or despised since 1840, Louis Napoleon had in the last eight years advanced sufficiently in the public estimation to be elected to the Constituent Assembly in 1848 by five departments. He owed this rapid increase of popularity partly to blunders of the government of July, which had unwisely aroused the memory of the country, Lenovo 3000 Y500 laptop keyboard
filled as it was with recollections of the Empire, and partly to Louis Napoléon's campaign carried on from his prison at Ham by means of pamphlets of socialistic tendencies. Moreover, the monarchists, led by Thiers and the committee of the Rue de Poitiers, HP 441541-001 Laptop Keyboard
were no longer content even with the safe dictatorship of the upright Cavaignac, and joined forces with the Bonapartists. On 10 December the peasants gave over 5,000,000 votes to a name: Napoléon, which stood for order at all costs, against 1,400,000 for Cavaignac. SONY VAIO VGN-CR31S Laptop Keyboard
For three years there went on an indecisive struggle between the heterogeneous Assembly and the president who was silently awaiting his opportunity. He chose as his ministers men with little inclined towards republicanism, with a preference for Orléanists, SONY VAIO VGN-AW21S Laptop Keyboard
the chief of whom was Odilon Barrot. In order to strengthen his position, he endeavoured to conciliate the reactionary parties, without committing himself to any of them. The chief instance of this was the expedition to Rome, voted by the Catholics with the object of restoring the papacy, which had flown away from Rome during the night fearing for his life, SONY VAIO VGN-C2S Series Laptop Keyboard
having not walked his talks of civil reforms and national unification.Garibaldi and Mazzini had been elected by a free universal polls for a Constitutional Assembly. The Pope called for an international intervention to restore him in his temporal power and the French president run to establish the power and prestige of France against that of the Austrians, HP Pavilion DV7-3065dx Laptop Keyboard
as beginning the work of European renovation and reconstruction which he already looked upon as his mission. General Charles Oudinot's entry into Rome provoked in Paris a foolish insurrection in favour of the Roman Republic, that of the Château d'Eau, which was crushed on 13 June 1849. On the other hand, when Pius IX, though only just restored, HP G60-249WM Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
began to yield to the general movement of reaction, the president demanded that he should set up a Liberal government. The pope's dilatory reply having been accepted by his ministry, the president replaced it on 1 November, by the Fould-Rouher cabinet.[4] IBM MCF-C10AM05 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
This looked like a declaration of war against the Catholic and monarchist majority in the Legislative Assembly which had been elected on 28 May in a moment of panic. But the president again pretended to be playing the game of the Orléanists, SONY Vaio VPC-EB42FM Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
as he had done in the case of the Constituent-Assembly. The complementary elections of March and April 1850 resulted in an unexpected victory for the republicans which alarmed the conservative leaders, Thiers, Berryer and Montalembert. HP Mini 110-3120ss Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
The president and the Assembly co-operated in the passage of the Loi Falloux of 15 March 1850, which again placed the teaching of the university under the direction of the Roman Catholic Church. HP 646578-001 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
A conservative electoral law was passed on 31 May. It required as a proof of Electors three years' domicile the entries in the record of direct taxes, thus cutting down universal suffrage by taking away the vote from the industrial population, Toshiba AB7005HX-SB3 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
which was not as a rule stationary. The law of 16 July aggravated the severity of the press restrictions by re-establishing the "caution money" (cautionnement) deposited by proprietors and editors of papers with the government as a guarantee of good behaviour. Acer eMachines G730G laptop keyboard
Finally, a skilful interpretation of the law on clubs and political societies suppressed about this time all the Republican societies. It was now their turn to be crushed like the socialists.
However, the president had only joined in Montalembert's cry of "Down with the Republicans!" in the hope of effecting a revision of the constitution without having recourse to a coup d'état. SONY VAIO VGN-N11S laptop keyboard
His concessions only increased the boldness of the monarchists, while they had only accepted Louis-Napoléon as president in opposition to the Republic and as a step in the direction of the monarchy. HP Pavilion DV7-3183cl laptop keyboard
A conflict was now inevitable between his personal policy and the majority of the Chamber, who were moreover divided into legitimists and Orléanists, in spite of the death of Louis-Philippe in August 1850. HP Pavilion DV7-3183cl laptop keyboard
Louis-Napoléon exploited their projects for a restoration of the monarchy, which he knew to be unpopular in the country, and which gave him the opportunity of furthering his own personal ambitions. HP Pavilion DV7-3079wm laptop keyboard
From 8 August to 12 November 1850 he went about France stating the case for a revision of the constitution in speeches which he varied according to each place; he held reviews, at which cries of "Vive Napoléon!" showed that the army was with him; he superseded General Changarnier, GATEWAY 101974 laptop keyboard
on whose arms the parliament relied for the projected monarchical coup d'état; he replaced his Orléanist ministry by obscure men devoted to his own cause, such as Morny, Fleury and Persigny, and gathered round him officers of the African army, broken men like General Saint-Arnaud; in fact he practically declared open war. HP Pavilion DV6-1120ev laptop keyboard
His reply to the votes of censure passed by the Assembly, and their refusal to increase his civil list was to hint at a vast communistic plot in order to scare the bourgeoisie, and to denounce the electoral law of 31 May 1850, SONY VAIO VGN-SZ140P laptop keyboard
in order to gain the support of the mass of the people. The Assembly retaliated by throwing out the proposal for a partial reform of that article of the constitution which prohibited the re-election of the president and the re-establishment of universal suffrage (July). ACER Aspire 5673WLMi laptop keyboard
All hope of a peaceful issue was at an end. When the questors called upon the Chamber to have posted up in all barracks the decree of 6 May 1848 concerning the right of the Assembly to demand the support of the troops if attacked, SONY VAIO VGN-N21E/W laptop keyboard
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the Mountain, dreading a restoration of the monarchy, voted with the Bonapartists against the measure, thus disarming the legislative power.
Louis-Napoléon saw his opportunity, and organised the French coup of 1851. On the night of 1/2 December 1851, the anniversary of the coronation of his illustrious uncle Napoléon I, DELL 0PVDG3 laptop keyboard
he dissolved the Chamber, re-established universal suffrage, had all the party leaders arrested, and summoned a new assembly to prolong his term of office for ten years. The deputies who had met under Berryer at the Mairie of the 10th arrondissement to defend the constitution and proclaim the deposition of Louis Napoleon were scattered by the troops at Mazas and Mont Valérien. HP 590527-001 laptop keyboard
The resistance organized by the republicans within Paris under Victor Hugo was soon subdued by the intoxicated soldiers. The more serious resistance in the départements was crushed by declaring a state of siege and by the "mixed commissions." HP Pavilion dv6-2030ev laptop keyboard
The plebiscite of 20 December, ratified by a huge majority the coup d'état in favour of the prince-president, who alone reaped the benefit of the excesses of the Republicans and the reactionary passions of the monarchists. SONY VAIO VGN-FS730F laptop keyboard
David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor, OM PC (17 January 1863 – 26 March 1945) was a BritishLiberal politician and statesman. His most important role came as Prime Minister during the First World War and immediately after. HP Pavilion DV7-3112tx laptop keyboard
He led the Wartime Coalition Government between 1916 and 1922. He made a greater impact on British public life than arguably any other 20th-century leader, thanks to his leadership in winning the war, his post-war role in reshaping Europe and giving independence to Ireland, and his pre-war introduction of Britain's social welfare system.[2]
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He was the last Liberal to serve as Prime Minister. His base of power for the coalition premiership was mostly from Conservatives rather his own Liberals. He split the Liberals, which led to the permanent decline of the Liberal Party as a serious political force. After 1922 he was a marginalised and widely mistrusted figure. GATEWAY P-6825 laptop keyboard
In the Second World War he was known for defeatism.
Lloyd George is best known as the highly energetic Prime Minister (1916–22) who guided the Empire through theFirst World War to victory over Germany. He was a major player at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 that reordered Europe after the Great War. SONY VGN-FE11M laptop keyboard
As an icon of 20th-century liberalism, he is regarded as the founder of the British welfare state. Lloyd George oversaw the partition of Ireland between an independent Republic of Ireland andNorthern Ireland, which remained part of the UK. Although many barristers have been Prime Minister, HP Pavilion dv6-3178ee Laptop Keyboard
Lloyd George is to date the only solicitor to have held that office.[3] He is also so far the only British Prime Minister to have been Welsh and to have spoken English as a second language.[4] He was voted the third greatest British prime minister of the 20th century in a poll of 139 academics organised by MORI, and in 2002 he was named among the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote.[5][6] Lenovo 45N2106 Laptop Keyboard
Lloyd George was born to Welsh parents on 17 January 1863, was raised as a Welsh-speaker, and was to become the first (and thus far only) Welsh politician to hold the office of Prime Minister. His birthplace, however, was in England, at Chorlton-on-Medlock, DELL NSK-DG101 Laptop Keyboard
Manchester, where his father, William George, had been a teacher. In March the same year, on account of his failing health, William George returned with his family to his native Pembrokeshire. He took up farming but died in June 1864 of pneumonia, aged 44. His widow, Elizabeth George (1828–96), HP 640436-001 Laptop Keyboard
sold the farm and moved with her children to her native Llanystumdwy, Caernarfonshire, where she lived in Tŷ Newydd with her brother Richard Lloyd (1834–1917)—a shoemaker, minister (in the Scotch Baptists and then the Church of Christ),[7]and strong Liberal. Lloyd George was educated at the local Anglican school Llanystumdwy National School and later under tutors. ASUS F6A Laptop Keyboard
Lloyd George's uncle was a towering influence on him, encouraging him to take up a career in law and enter politics; his uncle remained influential up until his death at age 83 in February 1917, by which time his nephew was Prime Minister. He added his uncle's surname to become "Lloyd George". His surname is usually given as "Lloyd George" HP G72-110SA Laptop Keyboard
and sometimes as "George". His childhood showed through in his entire career, as he attempted to aid the common man at the expense of what he liked to call "the Dukes" (that is, the aristocracy). TOSHIBA NSK-TN0SV Laptop Keyboard
However, his biographer John Grigg argued that Lloyd George's childhood was nowhere near as poverty-stricken as he liked to suggest, and that a great deal of his self-confidence came from having been brought up by an uncle who enjoyed a position of influence and prestige in his small community. Brought up a devout evangelical, Lenovo 3000 Y500 Laptop Keyboard
as a young man he suddenly lost his religious faith and became a lifelong agnostic. He kept quiet about that, however, and was hailed as "one of the foremost fighting leaders of a fanatical Welsh Nonconformity".[8] HP Mini 210-1135LA Laptop Keyboard
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François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (French: [fʁɑ̃swa pjɛʁ ɡijom ɡizo]; 1787–1874) was a French historian, orator, and statesman. Guizot was a dominant figure in French politics prior to the Revolution of 1848, a conservative liberal who opposed the attempt by King Charles X to usurp legislative power, and worked to sustain aconstitutional monarchy following the July Revolution of 1830. Lenovo ThinkPad T510-4349 Laptop Keyboard
He then served the "citizen king" Louis Philippe, as Minister of Education, 1832–37, ambassador to London, Foreign Minister 1840–1847, and finally Prime Minister of France from 19 September 1847 to 23 February 1848. HP G62-456TU Laptop Keyboard
Guizot's influence was critical in expanding public education, which under his ministry saw the creation of primary schools in every French commune. But as a leader of the "Doctrinaires", committed to supporting the policies of Louis Phillipe and limitations on further expansion of the political franchise, DELL NSK-D8001 Laptop Keyboard
he earned the hatred of more left-leaning liberals and republicans through his unswerving support for restricting suffrage to propertied men, advising those who wanted the vote to "enrich yourselves" (enrichissez-vous) through hard work and thrift. HP AEAT5U00010 Laptop Keyboard
As Prime Minister, it was Guizot's ban on the political meetings (called the Paris Banquets, which celebrated the birthday of George Washington) of an increasingly vigorous opposition in January 1848 that catalyzed the revolution that toppled Louis Philippe in February and saw the establishment of the French Second Republic. GATEWAY M-6846 Laptop Keyboard
Guizot is famous as the originator of the quote "Not to be a republican at 20 is proof of want of heart; to be one at 30 is proof of want of head".[1] This quote has been reworked many times, especially in reference to socialism and liberalism. Compaq Presario CQ42-228LA Laptop Keyboard
It has been borrowed by or attributed to many notable figures who lived after Guizot, includingWinston Churchill, George Bernard Shaw, Benjamin Disraeli, Georges Clemenceau,[2] Otto von Bismarck, Aristide Briand, Theodore Roosevelt,[3] Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, Wendell Willkie,[4] William J. Casey, and others. HP Pavilion G7-1167DX Laptop Keyboard
Guizot was born at Nîmes to a bourgeois Protestant family. On 8 April 1794, when François Guizot was 6, his father was executed on the scaffold at Nîmes during the Reign of Terror. From then on, the boy's mother was completely responsible for his upbringing. TOSHIBA MP-06863US-9308 Laptop Keyboard
Madame Guizot had great influence over Francois Guizot and was part of his circle of friends. In the days of his exile in 1848 she followed him to London, and there at a very advanced age died and was buried at Kensal Green. HP G72-a01SG Laptop Keyboard
Driven from Nîmes by the Revolution, Madame Guizot and her son went to Geneva, where he was educated. In spite of her decided Calvinistic opinions, the theories of Jean-Jacques Rousseau influenced Madame Guizot. TOSHIBA Satellite L775D-S7340 Laptop Keyboard
A strong Liberal, she even adopted the notion inculcated in Emile that every man ought to learn a manual trade or craft. Guizot learnt carpentry, and succeeded in making a table with his own hands, which is still preserved. In the work which he entitled Memoirs of my own Times Guizot omitted all personal details of his earlier life. ACER TravelMate 6292 Laptop Keyboard
In 1805 he arrived in Paris and he entered at the age eighteen as tutor into the family of M. Stapfer, formerly Swiss minister in France. He soon began to write in a journal edited by Suard, the Publiciste. This connection introduced him to the literary society of Paris. HP Mini 210-1083CA Laptop Keyboard
In October 1809, aged twenty-two, he wrote a review of François-René de Chateaubriand's Martyrs, which won Chateaubriand's approbation and thanks, and he continued to contribute largely to the periodical press. At Suard's he had made the acquaintance of Pauline de Meulan, a contributor to Suard's journal. Her contributions were interrupted by illness, but immediately resumed and continued by an unknown hand. SONY Vaio PCG-K35 Laptop Keyboard
It was discovered that François Guizot had substituted for her. In 1812 Mademoiselle de Meulan married Guizot. She died in 1827. (An only son, born in 1819, died in 1837 of consumption.) In 1828 Guizot married Elisa Dillon, niece of his first wife, and also an author. DELL Vostro 3550 Laptop Keyboard
She died in 1833, leaving two daughters (Henriette (1829-1908), a co-author with her father and prolific writer herself; and Pauline (1831-1874)) and a son (Maurice Guillaume (1833–1892), who attained some reputation as a scholar and writer). ACER Aspire One D150-1920 Laptop Keyboard
During the First French Empire, Guizot, entirely devoted to literary pursuits, published a collection of French synonyms (1809), an essay on the fine arts (1811), and a translation of Edward Gibbon's work, with additional notes, in 1812. HP Mini 110-3012tu Laptop Keyboard
These works recommended him to the notice of Louis-Marcelin de Fontanes, grand-master of the University of France, who selected Guizot for the chair of modern history at the Sorbonne in 1812. He delivered his first lecture (reprinted in his Memoirs) on 11 December of that year. He omitted the customary compliment to the all-powerful emperor, SONY VAIO VGN-CS16G/Q Laptop Keyboard
in spite of the hints given him by his patron, but the course which followed marks the beginning of the great revival of historical research in France in the 19th century. HP Probook 4320s Laptop Keyboard
Absent from Paris at the moment of the fall of Napoleon in 1814, he was at once selected, on the recommendation of Royer-Collard, to serve the government of King Louis XVIII, in the capacity of secretary-general of the ministry of the interior, under the abbé de Montesquiou. Upon the return of Napoleon from Elba he immediately resigned, on 25 March 1815, and returned to his literary pursuits. ASUS A6J laptop keyboard
After the Hundred Days, he returned to Ghent, where he saw Louis XVIII, and in the name of the liberal party pointed out that a frank adoption of a liberal policy could alone secure the duration of the restored monarchy – advice which was ill-received by the king's confidential advisers. This visit to Ghent was brought up by political opponents in later years as unpatriotic. TOSHIBA NB100 laptop keyboard
"The Man of Ghent" was one of the terms of insult frequently used against him in the days of his power. The reproach appears to be wholly unfounded. He was acting not to preserve the failing empire, but to establish a liberal monarchy and to combat the reactionary ultra-royalists. DELL NSK-DCM01 laptop keyboard
On the second restoration, Guizot was appointed secretary-general of the ministry of justice under de Barbé-Marbois, but resigned with his chief in 1816. In 1819 he was one of the founders of the Liberal journal Le Courrier français. HP Mini 110-1212NR laptop keyboard
Adhering to the great principles of liberty and toleration, they were sternly opposed to the anarchical traditions of the Revolution. They hoped to subdue the elements of anarchy through the power of a limited constitution based on the suffrage of the middle class and promoted by the literary talents of the time. SONY VAIO VGN-CS110D/W laptop keyboard
They were opposed alike to the democratic spirit of the age, to the military traditions of the empire, and to the bigotry and absolutism of the court. The Doctrinaires fell out of influence following the July Revolution in 1830HP G62-456TU laptop keyboard
In 1820, when the reaction was at its height after the murder of the Duc de Berry, and the fail of the ministry of the duc Decazes, Guizot was deprived of his offices, and in 1822 even his course of lectures were interdicted. TOSHIBA Satellite U305-S5077 laptop keyboard
During the succeeding years he played an important part among the leaders of the liberal opposition to the government of Charles X, although he had not yet entered parliament, and this was also the time of his greatest literary activity. GATEWAY M-6846 laptop keyboard
In 1822 he had published his lectures on representative government (Histoire des origines du gouvernernent représentatif, 1821–1822, 2 vols.; Eng. trans. 1852); also a work on capital punishment for political offences and several important political pamphlets. From 1822 to 1830 he published two important collections of historical sources, HP Pavilion DV7-3173nr laptop keyboard
the memoirs of the history of England in 26 volumes, and the memoirs of the history of France in 31 volumes, and a revised translation, of Shakespeare, and a volume of essays on the history of France. Written from his own pen during this period was the first part of his Histoire de la révolution d'Angleterre depuis Charles I à Charles II (2 vols., 1826–1827; Eng. trans., 2 vols., TOSHIBA PK13AT10600 laptop keyboard
Oxford, 1838), which he resumed and completed during his exile in England after 1848. The Martignac administration restored Guizot in 1828 to his professor's chair and to the council of state. During his time at the University of Paris his lectures earned him a reputation as a historian of note. These lectures formed the basis of his general Histoire de la civilisation en Europe (1828; HP Pavilion dv6-2165tx laptop keyboard
Eng. trans. by William Hazlitt, 3 vols., 1846), and of hisHistoire de la civilisation en France (4 vols., 1830),
In January 1830 he was elected by the town of Lisieux to the Chamber of Deputies, and he retained that seat during the whole of his political life. Guizot delivered an address in March 1830 calling for greater political freedom in the Chamber of Deputies. TOSHIBA Satellite P305-S8915 laptop keyboard
The motion passed 221 against 181. Charles X responded by dissolving the Chamber and called for new elections which only strengthened opposition to the throne. On his returning to Paris from Nîmes on 27 July, the fall of Charles X was already imminent. HP Mini 210-1083CA laptop keyboard
Personally, Guizot was always of opinion that it was a great misfortune for the cause of parliamentary government in France that the infatuation and ineptitude of Charles X and Prince Polignac rendered a change in the hereditary line of succession inevitable. DELL Vostro PP38L laptop keyboard
Once convinced that it was inevitable, he became one of the most ardent supporters of Louis Philippe. In August 1830 Guizot was made minister of the interior, but resigned in November. He had now joined the ranks of the conservatives, and for the next eighteen years was a determined foe of democracy, the unyielding champion of "a monarchy limited by a limited number of bourgeois." Acer eMachines E732 laptop keyboard
In 1831 Casimir Perier formed a more vigorous and compact administration, terminated in May 1832 by his death; the summer of that year was marked by a formidable republican rising in Paris, and it was not until 11 October 1832 that a stable government was formed, in which Marshal Soult was first minister, Victor, SONY VAIO VGN-N31M laptop keyboard
3rd duc de Broglie took the foreign office, Adolphe Thiers the home department, and Guizot the department of public instruction. Guizot, however, was already unpopular with the more advanced liberal party. He remained unpopular all his life. Lenovo 3000 G430 4152 laptop keyboard
Yet never were his great abilities more useful to his country than while he filled this office of secondary rank but of primary importance in the department of public instruction. The duties it imposed on him were entirely congenial to his literary tastes, HP Mini 110-1212NR Laptop Keyboard
and he was master of the subjects they concerned. He applied himself in the first instance to carry the law of 28 June 1833, which established and organized primary education in France.
The branch of the Institute of France known as the "Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques," which had been suppressed by Napoleon, was revived by Guizot. GATEWAY M-6803M Laptop Keyboard
Some of the old members of this learned body – Talleyrand, Sieyès,Roederer and Lakanal – again took their seats there, and a host of more recent celebrities were added by election for the free discussion of the great problems of political and social science. DELL Inspiron N4050 laptop keyboard
The Société de l'histoire de Francewas founded for the publication of historical works; and a vast publication of medieval chronicles and diplomatic papers was undertaken at the expense of the state. SONY VAIO VGN-NW51FB laptop keyboard
The July Monarchy was threatened in 1839 by Louis-Mathieu Molé, who had formed an intermediate government. Guizot and the leaders of the left centre and the left, Thiers and Odilon Barrot worked together to stop Molé, Packard Bell Easynote TK87 laptop keyboard
Victory was secured at the expense of principle, and Guizot's attack on the government gave rise to a crisis and a republican insurrection. None of the three leaders of that alliance took ministerial office, and Guizot was not sorry to accept the post of ambassador in London, HP Mini 110-3015dx laptop keyboard
which withdrew him for a time from parliamentary contests. This was in the spring of 1840, and Thiers succeeded shortly afterwards to the ministry of foreign affairs.
Guizot was received with distinction by Queen Victoria and by London society. His literary works were highly esteemed, HP COMPAQ NX6120 laptop keyboard
and sincerely attached to the alliance of the two nations and the cause of peace. He also secured the return of Napoleon’s ashes to France at the insistence of Thiers. As he himself remarked, he was a stranger to England and a novice in diplomacy; ASUS F80 laptop keyboard
the embroiled state of the Syrian War question, on which the French government had separated itself from the joint policy of Europe, and possibly the absence of entire confidence between the ambassador and the minister of foreign affairs, HP Pavilion DV6-1100sv laptop keyboard
placed him in an embarrassing and even false position. The warnings he transmitted to Thiers were not believed. The treaty of 15 July was signed without his knowledge and executed against his advice. For some weeks Europe seemed to be on the brink of war, until the king ended the crisis by refusing his assent to the military preparations of Thiers, HP Mini 210-1190NR laptop keyboard
and by summoning Guizot from London to form a ministry and to aid his Majesty in what he termed "ma lutte tenace contre l'anarchie."
Thus began, under dark and adverse circumstances, on 29 October 1840, the important administration in which Guizot remained the master-spirit for nearly eight years. SONY VGN-FE21H laptop keyboard
He himself took the office of minister for foreign affairs, and upon the retirement of Marshal Soult, he became prime minister. His first care was the maintenance of peace and the restoration of amicable relations with the other powers of Europe. His success gave unity and strength to the conservative party, who now felt that they had a great leader at their head. FUJITSU CP270342-02 laptop keyboard
During Guizot’s tenure as foreign minister, he and Lord Aberdeen, the foreign secretary to Sir Robert Peel, carried on well and thus they secured France and Britain in the entente cordiale. Part of the formation of the entente came about when Guizot secured the transfer of Napoleon’s ashes from St. Helena to the French government.[5] HP 519265-001 laptop keyboard
The opposition in France denounced Guizot's foreign policy as basely subservient to England. He replied in terms of unmeasured contempt: "You may raise the pile of calumny as high as you will; vous n'arriverez jamais a la hauteur de mon dédain!" In 1845 British and French troops fought side by side for the first time in the Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata. DELL PK130801B00 laptop keyboard
The fall of Peel's government in 1846 changed these intimate relations; and the return of Palmerston to the foreign office led Guizot to believe that he was again exposed to the passionate rivalry of the British cabinet. HP Pavilion dv6-2016ez laptop keyboard
A friendly understanding had been established between the two courts with reference to the future marriage of the young queen of Spain. The language of Lord Palmerston and the conduct of Sir Henry Bulwer (afterwards Lord Dalling) at Madrid led Guizot to believe that this understanding was broken, HP Pavilion DV7-3160us laptop keyboard
provoking the Affair of the Spanish Marriages after Guizot came to believe that Britain intended to place a Coburg on the throne of Spain. Determined to resist any such intrigue, Guizot and the king plunged headlong into a counter-intrigue, wholly inconsistent with their previous engagements to Britain, and fatal to the happiness of the queen of Spain. HP 519265-001 laptop keyboard
By their influence she was urged into a marriage with a despicable offset of the house of Bourbon, and her sister was at the same time married to the youngest son of the French king, in direct violation of Louis Philippe's promises. SONY VAIO VGN-N130E laptop keyboard
This transaction, although it was hailed at the time as a triumph of the policy of France, was in truth as fatal to the monarch as it was discreditable to the minister. It was accomplished by a mixture of secrecy and violence. SONY VAIO VGN-SZ650N laptop keyboard
[citation needed] It was defended by subterfuges. Its immediate effect was to destroy the Anglo-French alliance, and to throw Guizot into closer relations with the reactionary policy ofMetternich and the Northern courts. HP G61-409CA Laptop Keyboard
His first object as prime minister was to unite and discipline the conservative party, which had been broken up by previous dissensions and ministerial changes. In this he entirely succeeded by his courage and eloquence as a parliamentary leader, and by the use of all those means of influence which France supplied to a dominant minister. DELL Vostro 3500 Laptop Keyboard
No one ever doubted the purity and disinterestedness of Guizot's own conduct. He despised money; he lived and died poor; and though he encouraged the fever of money-getting in the French nation, his own habits retained their primitive simplicity. ASUS F6A Laptop Keyboard
But he did not disdain to use in others the baser passions from which he was himself free. Some of his instruments were mean; he employed them to deal with meanness after its kind.
In 1846 the opposition accused the government of buying the votes of the electorate. Guizot acknowledged that corruption happened but the government could not really prevent it. SONY VGN-FE790 Laptop Keyboard
Non-voters exaggerated the occurrences of corruption to point to their need for enfranchisement. Guizot utterly failed to satisfy the demand for expansion of suffrage.[6] Some scholars point out that corruption, while certainly present, did not have a large effect on the voting records of those in the Chamber of Deputies.[7] HP Compaq NW8440 Laptop Keyboard
The strength of Guizot’s oration was his straightforward style of speaking. He was essentially a ministerial speaker, far more powerful in defence than in opposition. Nor was he less a master of parliamentary tactics and of those sudden changes and movements in debate which, as in a battle, sometimes change the fortune of the day. HP Pavilion DV3000 Laptop Keyboard
His confidence in himself, and in the majority of the chamber which he had moulded to his will, was unbounded; and long success and the habit of authority led him to forget that in a country like France there was a people outside the chamber elected by a small constituency, to which the minister and the king himself were held responsible. TOSHIBA Satellite L755D-S5227 Laptop Keyboard
Guizot's view of politics was essentially historical and philosophical. His tastes and his acquirements gave him little insight into the practical business of administrative government. Of finance he knew nothing; trade and commerce were strange to him; military and naval affairs were unfamiliar to him; ASUS F82Q Laptop Keyboard
all these subjects he dealt with by second hand through his friends, PS Dumon (1797–1870), Charles Marie Tanneguy, Comte Duchâttel (1803–1867), orMarshal Bugeaud. The consequence was that few measures of practical improvement were carried by his administration. Still less did the government lend an ear to the cry for parliamentary reform. Compaq Presario CQ57 Series Laptop Keyboard
On this subject the king's prejudices were insurmountable, and his ministers had the weakness to give way to them. It was impossible to defend a system which confined the suffrage to 200,000 citizens, and returned a chamber of whom half were placemen. SONY VAIO VGN-N21S/W Laptop Keyboard
Nothing would have been easier than to strengthen the conservative party by attaching the suffrage to the possession of land in France, but blank resistance was the sole answer of the government to the moderate demands of the opposition. Warning after warning was addressed to them in vain by friends and by foes alike; LENOVO IdeaPad S10 20015 Laptop Keyboard
and they remained profoundly unconscious of their danger till the moment when it overwhelmed them. Strange to say, Guizot never acknowledged either at the time or to his dying day the nature of this error; and he speaks of himself in his memoirs as the much-enduring champion of liberal government and constitutional law. DELL Vostro PP38L Laptop Keyboard
He utterly fails to perceive that a more enlarged view of the liberal destinies of France and a less intense confidence in his own specific theory might have preserved the constitutional monarchy and averted a vast series of calamities, HP 640436-001 Laptop Keyboard
which were in the end fatal to every principle he most cherished. But with the stubborn conviction of absolute truth he dauntlessly adhered to his own doctrines to the end.
In the afternoon of 23 February 1848 the king summoned his minister from the chamber, which was then sitting, HP MP-08K33US-930 Laptop Keyboard
and informed him that considering the situation in Paris and elsewhere in the country during the Banquet agitation for electoral reform, and the alarm and division of opinion in the royal family, led him to doubt whether he could retain Guizot as his prime minister. HP Pavilion dv6-2130er Laptop Keyboard
Guizot instantly resigned, returning to the chamber only to announce that the administration was at an end and that the king had sent for Louis-Mathieu Molé. Molé failed in the attempt to form a government, and between midnight and one in the morning Guizot, who had according to his custom retired early to rest, IBM Lenovo ThinkPad R52 1870 Laptop Keyboard
was again sent for to the Tuileries. The king asked his advice. "We are no longer the ministers of your Majesty," replied Guizot; "it rests with others to decide on the course to be pursued. But one thing appears to be evident: this street riot must be put down; ACER TravelMate 3232WXMi Laptop Keyboard
these barricades must be taken; and for this purpose my opinion is that Marshal Bugeaud should be invested with full power, and ordered to take the necessary military measures, and as your Majesty has at this moment no minister, ASUS A6000J Laptop Keyboard
I am ready to draw up and countersign such an order." The marshal, who was present, undertook the task, saying, "I have never been beaten yet, and I shall not begin to-morrow. The barricades shall be carried before dawn." LENOVO IdeaPad S10e 4068 laptop keyboard
Adolphe Thiers and Barrot decided to withdraw the troops. Guizot found a safe refuge in Paris for some days in the lodging of a humble miniature painter whom he had befriended, and shortly afterwards effected his escape across the Belgian frontier and thence to London, where he arrived on 3 March. His mother and daughters had preceded him, and he was speedily installed in a modest habitation in Pelham Crescent,Brompton. FUJITSU Lifebook S7210 laptop keyboard
The society of England, though many persons disapproved of much of his recent policy, received the fallen statesman with as much distinction and respect as they had shown eight years before to the king's ambassador. TOSHIBA Satellite L755D-SP5165RM laptop keyboard
A professorship at Oxford was spoken of, which he was unable to accept. He stayed in England about a year, devoting himself again to history. Back in Paris in 1850, Guizot published two more volumes on the English revolution--Pourǫuoi la Révolution d'Angeterre A-T-Elle Reussi? Compaq Presario CQ42-137TU laptop keyboard
and Discours sur l'Histoire, de la Révolution d'Ang. In February 1850 Karl Marx and Frederick Engels co-wrote a critical assessment of this two-volume history.[8] In 1854 Guizot published his Histoire de la république d'Angleterre et de Cromwell (2 vols., 1854), then his Histoire du protectorat de Cromwell et du rétablissement des Stuarts (2 vols., 1856). HP Pavilion DV7-2277cl laptop keyboard
He also published an essay on Peel, and amid many essays on religion, during the ten years 1858–1868, appeared the extensive Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de mon temps, in nine volumes. His speeches were included in 1863 in his Histoire parlementaire de la France (5 vols. of parliamentary speeches, 1863). HP G61-409CA laptop keyboard
After having resigned as Prime Minister of France, he left politics. He was aware that the link between himself and public life was broken for ever; and he never made the slightest attempt to renew it. The greater part of the year he spent at his residence at Val Richer, an Augustine monastery near Lisieuxin Normandy, LENOVO IdeaPad S10 20015 laptop keyboard
which had been sold at the time of the first Revolution. His two daughters, who married two descendants of the illustrious Dutch family of De Witt, so congenial in faith and manners to the Huguenots of France, kept his house. One of his sons-in-law farmed the estate. SONY Vaio VGN-AW310J laptop keyboard
And here Guizot devoted his later years with undiminished energy to literary labour, which was in fact his chief means of subsistence. Proud, independent, simple and contented he remained to the last; and these years of retirement were perhaps the happiest and most serene portion of his life. TOSHIBA Satellite L755D-S5227 laptop keyboard
Two institutions may be said even under the second empire to have retained their freedom-the Institute of France and the Protestant Consistory. In both of these Guizot continued to the last to take an active part. He was a member of three of the five academies into which the Institute of France is divided. ACER Aspire 4315 laptop keyboard
The Academy of Moral and Political Science owed its restoration to him, and he became in 1832 one of its first associates. The Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres elected him in 1833 as the successor to M Dacier; and in 1836 he was chosen a member of the Académie française, the highest literary distinction of the country. ASUS F82Q laptop keyboard
In these learned bodies Guizot continued for nearly forty years to take a lively interest and to exercise a powerful influence. He was the jealous champion of their independence. His voice had the greatest weight in the choice of new candidates; GATEWAY MX6956 laptop keyboard
the younger generation ofFrench writers never looked in vain to him for encouragement; and his constant aim was to maintain the dignity and purity of the profession of letters. In 1842, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. IBM Lenovo ThinkPad R52 laptop keyboard
In the consistory of the Protestant church in Paris Guizot exercised a similar influence. His early education and his experience of life conspired to strengthen the convictions of a religious temperament. COMPAQ Presario V5000 laptop keyboard
He remained throughout his life a firm believer in the truths of revelation, and a volume ofMéditations on the Christian Religion was one of his latest works. But though he adhered inflexibly to the church of his fathers and combated the rationalist tendencies of the age, which seemed to threaten it with destruction, ACER Aspire 4736Z laptop keyboard
he retained not a tinge of the intolerance or asperity of the Calvinisticcreed. He respected in the Church of Rome the faith of the majority of his countrymen; and the writings of the great Catholic prelates, Bossuet andBourdaloue, were as familiar and as dear to him as those of his own persuasion, and were commonly used by him in the daily exercises of family worship. HP Pavilion DV7-3065dx Laptop Keyboard
In these literary pursuits and in the retirement of Val Richer years passed smoothly and rapidly away; and as his grandchildren grew up around him, he began to direct their attention to the history of their country. From these lessons sprang his last work, the Histoire de France racontée à mes petits enfants. HP Pavilion DV7-3065dx Laptop Keyboard
The history came down to 1789, and was continued to 1870 by his daughter Madame Guizot de Witt from her father's notes.
Down to the summer of 1874 Guizot's mental vigour and activity were unimpaired. He died peacefully, and is said to have recited verses of Corneille and texts from Scripture on his death-bed. SONY VAIO PCG-792L Laptop Keyboard
The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, Second French Revolution or Trois Glorieuses in French, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans, who himself, after 18 precarious years on the throne, would in turn be overthrown. DELL INSPIRON 1464 Laptop Keyboard
It marked the shift from one constitutional monarchy, the Bourbon Restoration, to another, the July Monarchy; the transition of power from the House of Bourbon to its cadet branch, the House of Orléans; and the substitution of the principle of popular sovereignty for hereditary right. Supporters of the Bourbon would be called Legitimists, and supporters of Louis Philippe Orléanists. HP Pavilion dv6-3030em laptop keyboard
On 16 September 1824, Charles X ascended to the throne of France. He was the younger brother of Louis XVIII, who, upon the defeat of Napoleon I, and by agreement of the Allied powers, had been installed as King of France. The fact that both Louis and Charles ruled by hereditary right rather than popular consent was the first of two triggers for Les Trois Glorieuses, the "Three Glorious Days" of the July Revolution. DELL E141395 laptop keyboard
Upon the abdication of Napoleon in 1814, continental Europe, and France in particular, was in a state of disarray. TheCongress of Vienna met to redraw the continent's political map. Although there were many European countries attending the congress, Packard Bell PEW91 laptop keyboard
there were four major powers that controlled the decision making: United Kingdom, represented by her foreign secretary Viscount Castlereagh; Austria, represented by the chief minister (and chairman of the congress) Klemens, Fürst von Metternich; Lenovo 3000 Y510a 15303 laptop keyboard
Russia, represented by Emperor Alexander I; and Prussia, represented by King Frederick William III. Another very influential person at the Congress was Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, a French diplomat under Napoleon. Although France was considered an enemy state, Talleyrand was allowed to attend the Congress because he claimed that he had only cooperated with Napoleon under duress. SONY VGN-FE48E laptop keyboard
Talleyrand proposed that Europe be restored to its "legitimate" (i.e. pre-Napoleon) borders and governments; a plan that, with some changes, was accepted by members of the Congress. France returned to its 1789 borders and the House of Bourbon, Packard Bell Easynote TK85 laptop keyboard
deposed by the Revolution, was restored to the throne. In the eyes of the Congress, the political situation in France and Europe was now back to normal. However, the new king, Louis XVIII, knew that ideas of nationalism and democracy still lingered in his country; hence the establishment and signing of the Charte constitutionnelle française, the French Constitution otherwise known as La Charte. This document was the second trigger of the July Revolution. SONY VAIO PCG-FR415S laptop keyboard
On September 16, 1824, after a lingering illness of several months, the 69-year-old Louis XVIII died childless. Therefore his younger brother, Charles, aged 66, inherited the throne of France. On 27 September Charles X as he was now known, made his state entry into Paris to popular acclaim. HP Pavilion dv6-3190sf laptop keyboard
During the ceremony, while presenting the King the keys to the city, the comte de Chabrol, Prefect of the Seine, declared: "Proud to possess its new king, Paris can aspire to become the queen of cities by its magnificence, as its people aspire to be foremost in its fidelity, its devotion, and its love."[1] HP 636191-001 laptop keyboard
But eight months later, the mood of the capital had sharply worsened in its opinion of the new king. The causes of this dramatic shift in public opinion were many, but the main two were:
Critics of the first accused the king and his new ministry of pandering to the Catholic Church, and by so doing violating guarantees of equality of religious belief as specified in La Charte. DELL Latitude D430 laptop keyboard
The second matter, that of financial indemnities, was far more opportunistic than the first. This was because since the restoration of the monarchy, there had been demands from all groups to settle matters of property ownership; to reduce, if not eliminate, the uncertainties in the real estate market[2] both in Paris and in France. DELL Inspiron N4050 laptop keyboard
But opponents, many of whom were frustrated Bonapartists, began a whispering campaign that Charles X was only proposing this in order to shame those who had not emigrated. Both measures, they claimed, were nothing more than clever subterfuge meant to bring about the destruction of La Charte. ASUS X82S laptop keyboard
Up to this time, thanks to the popularity of the Charte constitutionnelle and the Chamber of Deputies with the people of Paris, the king's relationship with the élite – both of the Bourbon supporters and Bourbon opposition – had remained solid. This, too, was about to change. On 12 April, HP Pavilion dv6-2160ep laptop keyboard
propelled by both genuine conviction and the spirit of independence, the Chamber of Deputies roundly rejected the government's proposal to change the inheritance laws. The popular newspaper Le Constitutionnel pronounced this refusal "a victory over the forces of counter-revolutionaries and reactionism"[3] HP G62-450SV laptop keyboard
The popularity of both the Chamber of Peers and the Chamber of Deputies skyrocketed, and the popularity of the king and his ministry dropped. This became unmistakable when on 16 April 1827, HP Mini 110-1014NR laptop keyboard
while reviewing the Garde Royale in the Champ de Mars, the king was greeted with icy silence, many of the spectators refusing even to remove their hats. Charles X "later told [his cousin] Orléans that, 'although most people present were not too hostile, some looked at times with terrible expressions'."[4] ASUS X82S laptop keyboard
Because of what it perceived to be growing, relentless, and increasingly vitriolic criticism of both the government and the Church, the government of Charles X introduced into the Chamber of Deputies a proposal for a law tightening censorship, especially in regard to the newspapers. The Chamber, for its part, objected so violently that the humiliated government had no choice but to withdraw its proposals. HP Pavilion DV6-1014el Laptop Keyboard
On 17 March 1830, the majority in the Chamber of Deputies made the Address of the 221 (motion of no confidence) against the king and Polignac's ministry. The following day, Charles dissolved parliament, and then alarmed the Bourbon opposition by delaying elections for two months. HP Pavilion dv6-2130er Laptop Keyboard
During this time, the liberals championed the '221' as popular heroes, whilst the government struggled to gain support across the country as prefects were shuffled around the departments of France. The elections that followed returned an overwhelming majority, IBM Lenovo ThinkPad X300 Laptop Keyboard
thus defeating the government. This came after another event: on the grounds that it had behaved in an offensive manner towards the crown, on 30 April the king abruptly dissolved the National Guard of Paris, a voluntary group of citizens and an ever reliable conduit between the monarchy and the people. Cooler heads were appalled: "[I] TOSHIBA NSK-TAJ01 Laptop Keyboard
would rather have my head cut off", wrote a noble from the Rhineland upon hearing the news, "than have counseled such an act: the only further measure needed to cause a revolution is censorship."[5] ACER Aspire 5051AWXMi Laptop Keyboard
That came in July 1830 when, on Sunday, 25 July Charles X signed the July Ordinances, also known as "The Ordinances of Saint-Cloud". On Monday 26 July, they were published in the leading conservative newspaper in Paris, Le Moniteur. On Tuesday 27 July, the revolution began in earnest Les trois journées de juillet, and the end of the Bourbon monarchy. HP G42-415DX Laptop Keyboard
It was a hot, dry summer, pushing those who could afford it to leave Paris for the country. Most businessmen could not, and so were among the first to learn of the Saint-Cloud "Ordinances", which banned them from running as candidates for the Chamber of Deputies, membership of which was the sine qua non of those who sought the ultimate in social prestige. SAMSUNG N150 Laptop Keyboard
In protest, members of the Bourse refused to lend money, and business owners shuttered their factories. Workers were unceremoniously turned out into the street to fend for themselves. Unemployment, which had been growing through early summer, spiked. "Large numbers of... workers therefore had nothing to do but protest."[6] ASUS X53S Laptop Keyboard
While newspapers such as the Journal des débats, Le Moniteur, and Le Constitutionnel had already ceased publication in compliance with the new law, nearly 50 journalists from a dozen city newspapers met in the offices of Le National. There they signed a collective protest, and vowed their newspapers would continue to run.[7] HP PK13ZK31000 Laptop Keyboard
That evening, when police raided a news press and seized contraband newspapers, they were greeted by a sweltering, unemployed mob angrily shouting, "À bas les Bourbons!" (Down with the Bourbons!) "Vive la Charte!" (Long live the Charter!) Armand Carrel, a journalist, wrote in the next day's edition of Le National: ACER ZU2 Laptop Keyboard
Charles X ordered Maréchal Auguste Marmont, Duke of Ragusa, the on-duty Major-General of the Garde Royale, to repress the disturbances. Marmont was personally liberal, and opposed to the ministry's policy, but was bound tightly to the King because he believed such to be his duty; Lenovo 3000 Y500 Laptop Keyboard
and possibly because of his unpopularity for his generally perceived and widely criticized desertion of Napoleon in 1814. HP Pavilion dv6-2040ev laptop keyboard
Marmont's plan was to have the Garde Royale and available line units of the city garrison guard the vital thoroughfares and bridges of the city, as well as protect important buildings such as the Palais Royal,Palais de Justice, and the Hôtel de Ville. SAMSUNG NP-N145-JP02 laptop keyboard
This plan was both ill considered and wildly ambitious; not only were there not enough troops, but there were also nowhere near enough provisions. The Garde Royale was mostly loyal for the moment, but the attached line units were wavering: a small but growing number of troops were deserting; some merely slipping away, others leaving, not caring who saw them. TOSHIBA Satellite L775-S7245 laptop keyboard
In Paris, a committee of the Bourbon opposition, composed of banker-and-kingmaker Jacques Laffitte, Casimir Perier, Generals Étienne Gérard and Georges Mouton, comte de Lobau, among others, had drawn up and signed a petition in which they asked for the ordonnances to be withdrawn. DELL Inspiron N4050 laptop keyboard
The petition criticized "not of the King, but his ministers", thereby refuting Charles X's conviction that his liberal opponents were enemies of his dynasty."[13]
After signing the petition, committee members went directly to Marmont to beg for an end to the bloodshed, and to plead with him to become a mediator between Saint-Cloud and Paris. TOSHIBA Satellite L655-S5107 laptop keyboard
Marmont acknowledged the petition, but stated that the people of Paris would have to lay down arms first for a settlement to be reached. Discouraged but not despairing, the party then sought out the king's chief minister, de Polignac – "Jeanne d'Arc en culottes". From Polignac they received even less satisfaction. DELL Inspiron N4050 laptop keyboard
He refused to see them, perhaps because he knew that discussions would be a waste of time. Like Marmont, he knew that Charles X considered the ordonnances vital to the safety and dignity of the throne of France. Thus, the King would not withdraw the ordonnances. TOSHIBA Satellite L40-14Y laptop keyboard
At 4 pm, Charles X received Colonel Komierowski, one of Marmont's chief aides. The colonel was carrying a note fromMarmont to his Majesty:
Sire, it is no longer a riot, it is a revolution. It is urgent for Your Majesty to take measures for pacification. The honour of the crown can still be saved. Tomorrow, perhaps, there will be no more time... I await with impatience Your Majesty's orders.[14] DELL Studio 1458 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
Marmont lacked either the initiative or the presence of mind to call for additional troops from Saint-Denis, Vincennes, Lunéville or Saint-Omer; neither did he ask for help from reservists or those Parisians still loyal to Charles X. IBM Lenovo Thinkpad W500 Series Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
The Bourbon opposition and supporters of the July Revolution swarmed to his headquarters demanding the arrest of Polignacand the other ministers, while supporters of the Bourbon and city leaders demanded he arrest the rioters and their puppet masters. Marmont refused to act on either request, instead awaiting orders from the king. HP Pavilion DV7-3065dx Laptop Keyboard
By 1:30 pm, the Tuileries had been sacked. "A man wearing a ball dress belonging to the duchesse de Berry, with feathers and flowers in his hair, screamed from a palace window: "Je reçois! Je reçois!" Others drank wine from the palace cellars."[16] HP 597635-001 Laptop Keyboard
Earlier that day, the Louvre had fallen, even more quickly. The Swiss Guards, seeing the mob swarming towards them, and manacled by the orders of Marmont not to fire unless fired upon first, ran away. They had no wish to share the fate of a similar contingent of Swiss Guards back in 1792, HP Compaq NC8430 Laptop Keyboard
who had held their ground against another such mob and were torn to pieces. By mid-afternoon the greatest prize, the Hôtel de Ville, had been captured. It should be noted that the amount of looting during these three days was surprisingly small[citation needed]; not only at theLouvre – whose paintings and objets d'art were protected by the crowd – but the Tuileries, SONY V072078AS1 Laptop Keyboard
the Palais de Justice, theArchbishop's Palace[disambiguation needed], and other places as well.
A few hours later, politicians entered the battered complex and set about establishing a provisional government. Though there would be spots of fighting throughout the city for the next few days, the revolution, for all intents and purposes, was over. HP Pavilion dv6-2130er Laptop Keyboard
The revolution of July 1830 created a constitutional monarchy. On August 2, Charles X and his son the Dauphinabdicated their rights to the throne and departed for Great Britain. Although Charles had intended that his grandson, the Duke of Bordeaux, would take the throne as Henry V, COMPAQ Presario CQ60-104TU Laptop Keyboard
the politicians who composed the provisional government instead placed on the throne a distant cousin, Louis Philippe of the House of Orléans, who agreed to rule as a constitutional monarch. This period became known as the July Monarchy. Supporters of the exiled senior line of the Bourbon dynasty became known as Legitimists. SONY Vaio PCG-K86P Laptop Keyboard
The July Column, located on Place de la Bastille, commemorates the events of the Three Glorious Days.
This renewed French Revolution sparked an August uprising in Brussels and the Southern Provinces of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, leading to separation and the establishment of the Kingdom of Belgium. The example of the July Revolution also inspired unsuccessful revolutions in Italy and Poland. HP Pavilion dm1-1010sa Laptop Keyboard
Two years later Parisian students, disillusioned by the outcome and underlying motives of the uprising, revolted in an event known as the June Rebellion. Although the insurrection was crushed within less than a week, the July Monarchy remained unpopular and was eventually overthrown in 1848. SONY VAIO VGN-C2S Series Laptop Keyboard
The Republic was then proclaimed by Alphonse de Lamartine in the name of the provisional government elected by the Chamber under the pressure of the mob.
This provisional government with Dupont de l'Eure as its president, consisted of Lamartine for foreign affairs,Crémieux for justice, Ledru-Rollin for the interior, SONY VAIO VGN-FS315M Laptop Keyboard
Carnot for public instruction, Goudchaux for finance,Arago for the navy, and Burdeau for war. Garnier-Pagès was mayor of Paris.
But, as in 1830, the republican-socialist party had set up a rival government at the Hôtel de Ville (city hall), including Louis Blanc, Armand Marrast, ACER TravelMate 6292 Laptop Keyboard
Ferdinand Flocon, and the Albert L'Ouvrier ("Albert the Worker"), which bid fair to involve discord and civil war. But this time the Palais Bourbon was not victorious over the Hôtel de Ville. It had to consent to a fusion of the two bodies, in which, however, the predominating elements were the moderate republicans. It was uncertain what the policy of the new government would be. ACER Aspire 7535 Laptop Keyboard
One party seeing that in spite of the changes in the last sixty years of all political institutions the position of the people had not been improved, demanded a reform of society itself, the abolition of the privileged position of property, the only obstacle to equality, SONY VGN-FE41M Laptop Keyboard
and as an emblem hoisted the red flag (the 1791 red flag was, however, the symbol not merely of the French Revolution, but rather of martial law and of order[1]). The other party wished to maintain society on the basis of its ancient institutions, and rallied round the tricolore. As a concession made by Lamartine to popular aspirations, HP 506782-001 Laptop Keyboard
and in exchange of the maintaining of the tricolor flag, he conceded the Republican triptych of Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, written on the flag, on which a red rosette was also to be added.[1]
The first collision took place as to the form which the 1848 Revolution was to take. HP 646578-001 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
Were they to remain faithful to their original principles, as Lamartine wished, and accept the decision of the country as supreme, or were they, as the revolutionaries under Ledru-Rollin claimed, to declare the republic of Paris superior to the universal manhood suffrageof an insufficiently educated people? On 5 March the government, HP 3MLX8TATP20 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
under the pressure of the Parisian clubs, decided in favour of an immediate reference to the people, and direct universal suffrage, and adjourned it till 26 April. In this fateful and unexpected decision, which instead of adding to the electorate the educated classes, refused by Guizot, admitted to it the unqualified masses, HP Pavilion dv2820es Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
originated the Constituent Assembly of 4 May 1848. The provisional government having resigned, the republican and anti-socialist majority on the 9 May entrusted the supreme power to an Executive Commission consisting of five members: Arago, Pierre Marie de Saint-Georges, Garnier-Pagès, Lamartine and Ledru-Rollin. HP Pavilion dv6-3052nr Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
But the spell was already broken. This revolution which had been peacefully effected with the most generous aspirations, in the hope of abolishing poverty by organizing industry on other bases than those of competition and capitalism, and which had at once aroused the fraternal sympathy of the nations, was doomed to be abortive. HP Pavilion dv6-3034nr Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
The result of the general election, the return of a constituent assembly predominantly moderate if not monarchical, dashed the hopes of those who had looked for the establishment, by a peaceful revolution, of their ideal socialist state; SONY VAIO PCG-6L2L Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
but they were not prepared to yield without a struggle, and in Paris itself they commanded a formidable force. In spite of the preponderance of the "tricolour" party in the provisional government, so long as the voice of France had not spoken, the socialists, supported by the Parisian proletariat, HP Pavilion dv7-6107tx Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
had exercised an influence on policy out of all proportion to their relative numbers or personal weight. By the decree of 24 February, the provisional government had solemnly accepted the principle of the "right to work," HP 495079-001 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
and decided to establish "National Workshops" for the unemployed; at the same time a sort of industrial parliament was established at the Luxembourg Palace, under the presidency of Louis Blanc, HP Pavilion dv7-6135dx Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
with the object of preparing a scheme for the organization of labour; and, lastly, by the decree of 8 March, the property qualification for enrolment in the National Guard had been abolished and the workmen were supplied with arms. The socialists thus formed, in some sort, a state within the state, with a government, an organisation and an armed force. SONY Vaio VGN-NW280F Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
In the circumstances, a conflict was inevitable;[2] and on 15 May, an armed mob, headed by Raspail, Blanqui and Barbès, and assisted by the proletariat Guard, attempted to overwhelm the Assembly. They were defeated by the bourgeois battalions of the National Guard; but the situation nonetheless remained highly critical. Dell Vostro 3750 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
The national workshops were producing the results that might have been foreseen. It was impossible to provide remunerative work even for the genuine unemployed, and of the thousands who applied the greater number were employed in perfectly useless digging and refilling; soon even this expedient failed, HP Pavilion tx2510us Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
and those for whom work could not be invented were given a half wage of 1 franc a day. Even this pitiful dole, with no obligation to work, proved attractive, and all over France workmen threw up their jobs and streamed to Paris, where they swelled the ranks of the army under the red flag. HP Pavilion G61-631NR Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
It was soon clear that the continuance of this experiment would mean financial ruin; it had been proved by the émeute of 15 May, that it constituted a perpetual menace to the state; and the government decided to end it. The method chosen was scarcely a happy one. Toshiba Satellite A50-111 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
On 21 June, Alfred de Falloux decided in the name of the parliamentary commission on labour that the workmen should be discharged within three days and those who were able-bodied should be forced to enlist. Toshiba Satellite A205-S5804 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
The June Days Uprising broke out at once, during 24—26 June, when the eastern industrial quarter of Paris, led byPujol[disambiguation needed], fought the western quarter, led by Cavaignac, who had been appointed dictator. HP Pavilion dv8229ea Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
The socialist party was vanquished by fighting and afterwards by deportation, but they dragged down the Republic in their ruin. It had already become unpopular with the peasants, exasperated by the newland tax of 45 centimes imposed in order to fill the empty treasury, DELL Studio 1450 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
and with the bourgeois, in terror of the power of the revolutionary clubs and hard hit by the stagnation of business. By the "massacres" of the June Days the working classes were also alienated from it; and abiding fear of the "Reds" did the rest. The Duke of Wellington wrote at this time, "France needs a Napoleon! I cannot yet see him..." Lenovo 3000 G430 4152 laptop keyboard
The granting of universal suffrage to a society with Imperialist sympathies, and unfitted to reconcile the principles of order with the consequences of liberty, was indeed bound, now that the political balance in France was so radically changed, to prove a formidable instrument of reaction; and this was proved by the election of the president of the Republic. FUJITSU Lifebook S6230 laptop keyboard
The new constitution, proclaiming a democratic republic, direct universal suffrage and the separation of powers, was promulgated on 4 November.[3] Under the new constitution, there was to be a single permanent assembly of 750 members elected for a term of three years by the scrutin de liste, SONY VAIO VGN-AR770 laptop keyboard
which was to vote on the laws prepared by a council of state elected by the Assembly for six years; the executive power was delegated to a president elected for four years by direct universal suffrage, i.e. on a broader basis than that of the chamber, and not eligible for re-election. He was to choose his ministers, Lenovo 3000 G430 4152 laptop keyboard
who, like him, would be responsible to the Assembly. Finally, all revision was made impossible since it involved obtaining three times in succession a majority of three-quarters of the deputies in a special assembly. It was in vain that Jules Grévy, FUJITSU Lifebook S6230 laptop keyboard
in the name of those who perceived the obvious and inevitable risk of creating, under the name of a president, a monarch and more than a king, proposed that the head of the state should be no more than a removable president of the ministerial council. GATEWAY NX570X laptop keyboard
Lamartine, thinking that he was sure to be the choice of the electors under universal suffrage, won over the support of the Chamber, which did not even take the precaution of rendering ineligible the members of families which had reigned over France. FUJITSU Lifebook S6230 laptop keyboard
It made the presidency an office dependent upon popular acclamation. The election was keenly contested; the democratic republicans adopted as their candidate Ledru-Rollin, the "pure republicans" Cavaignac, and the recently reorganized Imperialist party Prince Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. Unknown in 1835, DELL Inspiron N4050 laptop keyboard
and forgotten or despised since 1840, Louis Napoleon had in the last eight years advanced sufficiently in the public estimation to be elected to the Constituent Assembly in 1848 by five departments. He owed this rapid increase of popularity partly to blunders of the government of July, which had unwisely aroused the memory of the country, Lenovo 3000 Y500 laptop keyboard
filled as it was with recollections of the Empire, and partly to Louis Napoléon's campaign carried on from his prison at Ham by means of pamphlets of socialistic tendencies. Moreover, the monarchists, led by Thiers and the committee of the Rue de Poitiers, HP 441541-001 Laptop Keyboard
were no longer content even with the safe dictatorship of the upright Cavaignac, and joined forces with the Bonapartists. On 10 December the peasants gave over 5,000,000 votes to a name: Napoléon, which stood for order at all costs, against 1,400,000 for Cavaignac. SONY VAIO VGN-CR31S Laptop Keyboard
For three years there went on an indecisive struggle between the heterogeneous Assembly and the president who was silently awaiting his opportunity. He chose as his ministers men with little inclined towards republicanism, with a preference for Orléanists, SONY VAIO VGN-AW21S Laptop Keyboard
the chief of whom was Odilon Barrot. In order to strengthen his position, he endeavoured to conciliate the reactionary parties, without committing himself to any of them. The chief instance of this was the expedition to Rome, voted by the Catholics with the object of restoring the papacy, which had flown away from Rome during the night fearing for his life, SONY VAIO VGN-C2S Series Laptop Keyboard
having not walked his talks of civil reforms and national unification.Garibaldi and Mazzini had been elected by a free universal polls for a Constitutional Assembly. The Pope called for an international intervention to restore him in his temporal power and the French president run to establish the power and prestige of France against that of the Austrians, HP Pavilion DV7-3065dx Laptop Keyboard
as beginning the work of European renovation and reconstruction which he already looked upon as his mission. General Charles Oudinot's entry into Rome provoked in Paris a foolish insurrection in favour of the Roman Republic, that of the Château d'Eau, which was crushed on 13 June 1849. On the other hand, when Pius IX, though only just restored, HP G60-249WM Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
began to yield to the general movement of reaction, the president demanded that he should set up a Liberal government. The pope's dilatory reply having been accepted by his ministry, the president replaced it on 1 November, by the Fould-Rouher cabinet.[4] IBM MCF-C10AM05 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
This looked like a declaration of war against the Catholic and monarchist majority in the Legislative Assembly which had been elected on 28 May in a moment of panic. But the president again pretended to be playing the game of the Orléanists, SONY Vaio VPC-EB42FM Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
as he had done in the case of the Constituent-Assembly. The complementary elections of March and April 1850 resulted in an unexpected victory for the republicans which alarmed the conservative leaders, Thiers, Berryer and Montalembert. HP Mini 110-3120ss Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
The president and the Assembly co-operated in the passage of the Loi Falloux of 15 March 1850, which again placed the teaching of the university under the direction of the Roman Catholic Church. HP 646578-001 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
A conservative electoral law was passed on 31 May. It required as a proof of Electors three years' domicile the entries in the record of direct taxes, thus cutting down universal suffrage by taking away the vote from the industrial population, Toshiba AB7005HX-SB3 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan
which was not as a rule stationary. The law of 16 July aggravated the severity of the press restrictions by re-establishing the "caution money" (cautionnement) deposited by proprietors and editors of papers with the government as a guarantee of good behaviour. Acer eMachines G730G laptop keyboard
Finally, a skilful interpretation of the law on clubs and political societies suppressed about this time all the Republican societies. It was now their turn to be crushed like the socialists.
However, the president had only joined in Montalembert's cry of "Down with the Republicans!" in the hope of effecting a revision of the constitution without having recourse to a coup d'état. SONY VAIO VGN-N11S laptop keyboard
His concessions only increased the boldness of the monarchists, while they had only accepted Louis-Napoléon as president in opposition to the Republic and as a step in the direction of the monarchy. HP Pavilion DV7-3183cl laptop keyboard
A conflict was now inevitable between his personal policy and the majority of the Chamber, who were moreover divided into legitimists and Orléanists, in spite of the death of Louis-Philippe in August 1850. HP Pavilion DV7-3183cl laptop keyboard
Louis-Napoléon exploited their projects for a restoration of the monarchy, which he knew to be unpopular in the country, and which gave him the opportunity of furthering his own personal ambitions. HP Pavilion DV7-3079wm laptop keyboard
From 8 August to 12 November 1850 he went about France stating the case for a revision of the constitution in speeches which he varied according to each place; he held reviews, at which cries of "Vive Napoléon!" showed that the army was with him; he superseded General Changarnier, GATEWAY 101974 laptop keyboard
on whose arms the parliament relied for the projected monarchical coup d'état; he replaced his Orléanist ministry by obscure men devoted to his own cause, such as Morny, Fleury and Persigny, and gathered round him officers of the African army, broken men like General Saint-Arnaud; in fact he practically declared open war. HP Pavilion DV6-1120ev laptop keyboard
His reply to the votes of censure passed by the Assembly, and their refusal to increase his civil list was to hint at a vast communistic plot in order to scare the bourgeoisie, and to denounce the electoral law of 31 May 1850, SONY VAIO VGN-SZ140P laptop keyboard
in order to gain the support of the mass of the people. The Assembly retaliated by throwing out the proposal for a partial reform of that article of the constitution which prohibited the re-election of the president and the re-establishment of universal suffrage (July). ACER Aspire 5673WLMi laptop keyboard
All hope of a peaceful issue was at an end. When the questors called upon the Chamber to have posted up in all barracks the decree of 6 May 1848 concerning the right of the Assembly to demand the support of the troops if attacked, SONY VAIO VGN-N21E/W laptop keyboard
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the Mountain, dreading a restoration of the monarchy, voted with the Bonapartists against the measure, thus disarming the legislative power.
Louis-Napoléon saw his opportunity, and organised the French coup of 1851. On the night of 1/2 December 1851, the anniversary of the coronation of his illustrious uncle Napoléon I, DELL 0PVDG3 laptop keyboard
he dissolved the Chamber, re-established universal suffrage, had all the party leaders arrested, and summoned a new assembly to prolong his term of office for ten years. The deputies who had met under Berryer at the Mairie of the 10th arrondissement to defend the constitution and proclaim the deposition of Louis Napoleon were scattered by the troops at Mazas and Mont Valérien. HP 590527-001 laptop keyboard
The resistance organized by the republicans within Paris under Victor Hugo was soon subdued by the intoxicated soldiers. The more serious resistance in the départements was crushed by declaring a state of siege and by the "mixed commissions." HP Pavilion dv6-2030ev laptop keyboard
The plebiscite of 20 December, ratified by a huge majority the coup d'état in favour of the prince-president, who alone reaped the benefit of the excesses of the Republicans and the reactionary passions of the monarchists. SONY VAIO VGN-FS730F laptop keyboard
David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor, OM PC (17 January 1863 – 26 March 1945) was a BritishLiberal politician and statesman. His most important role came as Prime Minister during the First World War and immediately after. HP Pavilion DV7-3112tx laptop keyboard
He led the Wartime Coalition Government between 1916 and 1922. He made a greater impact on British public life than arguably any other 20th-century leader, thanks to his leadership in winning the war, his post-war role in reshaping Europe and giving independence to Ireland, and his pre-war introduction of Britain's social welfare system.[2]
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He was the last Liberal to serve as Prime Minister. His base of power for the coalition premiership was mostly from Conservatives rather his own Liberals. He split the Liberals, which led to the permanent decline of the Liberal Party as a serious political force. After 1922 he was a marginalised and widely mistrusted figure. GATEWAY P-6825 laptop keyboard
In the Second World War he was known for defeatism.
Lloyd George is best known as the highly energetic Prime Minister (1916–22) who guided the Empire through theFirst World War to victory over Germany. He was a major player at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 that reordered Europe after the Great War. SONY VGN-FE11M laptop keyboard
As an icon of 20th-century liberalism, he is regarded as the founder of the British welfare state. Lloyd George oversaw the partition of Ireland between an independent Republic of Ireland andNorthern Ireland, which remained part of the UK. Although many barristers have been Prime Minister, HP Pavilion dv6-3178ee Laptop Keyboard
Lloyd George is to date the only solicitor to have held that office.[3] He is also so far the only British Prime Minister to have been Welsh and to have spoken English as a second language.[4] He was voted the third greatest British prime minister of the 20th century in a poll of 139 academics organised by MORI, and in 2002 he was named among the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote.[5][6] Lenovo 45N2106 Laptop Keyboard
Lloyd George was born to Welsh parents on 17 January 1863, was raised as a Welsh-speaker, and was to become the first (and thus far only) Welsh politician to hold the office of Prime Minister. His birthplace, however, was in England, at Chorlton-on-Medlock, DELL NSK-DG101 Laptop Keyboard
Manchester, where his father, William George, had been a teacher. In March the same year, on account of his failing health, William George returned with his family to his native Pembrokeshire. He took up farming but died in June 1864 of pneumonia, aged 44. His widow, Elizabeth George (1828–96), HP 640436-001 Laptop Keyboard
sold the farm and moved with her children to her native Llanystumdwy, Caernarfonshire, where she lived in Tŷ Newydd with her brother Richard Lloyd (1834–1917)—a shoemaker, minister (in the Scotch Baptists and then the Church of Christ),[7]and strong Liberal. Lloyd George was educated at the local Anglican school Llanystumdwy National School and later under tutors. ASUS F6A Laptop Keyboard
Lloyd George's uncle was a towering influence on him, encouraging him to take up a career in law and enter politics; his uncle remained influential up until his death at age 83 in February 1917, by which time his nephew was Prime Minister. He added his uncle's surname to become "Lloyd George". His surname is usually given as "Lloyd George" HP G72-110SA Laptop Keyboard
and sometimes as "George". His childhood showed through in his entire career, as he attempted to aid the common man at the expense of what he liked to call "the Dukes" (that is, the aristocracy). TOSHIBA NSK-TN0SV Laptop Keyboard
However, his biographer John Grigg argued that Lloyd George's childhood was nowhere near as poverty-stricken as he liked to suggest, and that a great deal of his self-confidence came from having been brought up by an uncle who enjoyed a position of influence and prestige in his small community. Brought up a devout evangelical, Lenovo 3000 Y500 Laptop Keyboard
as a young man he suddenly lost his religious faith and became a lifelong agnostic. He kept quiet about that, however, and was hailed as "one of the foremost fighting leaders of a fanatical Welsh Nonconformity".[8] HP Mini 210-1135LA Laptop Keyboard
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